{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T16:56:49Z","timestamp":1781283409189,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":144,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MRC Career Development","award":["MR\/X020746\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/X020746\/1"]}]},{"name":"MSD Pump Priming"},{"name":"Medical Sciences Graduate School Studentship"},{"name":"NIH-OxCam"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["301534\/Z\/23\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["301534\/Z\/23\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) are a family of activating and inhibitory Class I human leukocyte antigen (HLA-I) binding receptors expressed on natural killer (NK) cells and subsets of T cells. The KIR detect HLA-I molecules in a peptide-dependent manner, with some KIR displaying exquisite peptide specificity. Studying peptide recognition by KIR often uses TAP-deficient cell lines expressing single HLA-I alleles, which are heterogenous and time consuming to generate. Here, we established an alternative approach using peptide-exchange technologies hitherto developed for studying T cell recognition of HLA-I.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We tested two methods; dipeptide-mediated peptide exchange and \u201copen-HLA-I\u201d, HLA-I molecules consisting of heavy chain-\u03b22m disulphide bonded dimers. We combined peptide-exchange technologies with SpyTag-SpyCatcher chemistry to allow rapid detection of KIR binding via HLA-I displayed on plates or cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We demonstrated the fidelity of this system with peptides of known KIR specificity bound to HLA-C*05:01. We then screened a peptide library to identify novel strong KIR2DS4 binding peptides presented by HLA-C*04:01. Peptide-exchanged HLA-C was functionally competent, promoting activation of KIR2DS4+ NK cells and inhibiting activation of KIR2DL1+ NK cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Together, we show that peptide-exchangeable HLA-I molecules are ligands for KIR, presenting a flexible, efficient system for examining the peptide sequence dependent recognition of HLA-I by KIR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/discim\/kyag010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T11:43:17Z","timestamp":1779536597000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Using peptide-exchange systems to interrogate peptide-specific KIR binding to HLA Class I"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Tanusya M","family":"Murali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Immuno-Oncology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford OX3 7DQ ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beining","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Immuno-Oncology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford OX3 7DQ ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emery","family":"Hoos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Immuno-Oncology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford OX3 7DQ ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH , Bethesda, MD 20894 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Collinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Immuno-Oncology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford OX3 7DQ ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric O","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH , Rockville, MD 20886 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5847-5226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omer","family":"Dushek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , Oxford, OX1 3RE ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Elliott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Immuno-Oncology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford OX3 7DQ ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3407-9661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malcolm J 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