{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T10:36:29Z","timestamp":1793356589263,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Clinical Research Program, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University","award":["LCYJ-MS-202310"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LCYJ-MS-202310"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate diagnostic performance of artificial intelligence (AI) models in detecting proximal caries across different radiographic modalities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We systematically searched in 5 electronic databases: Web of Science, PubMed, IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, and CNKI. Essential study characteristics, AI models, and their accuracy metrics for proximal caries detection were extracted. Methodological quality of eligible studies was assessed with QUADAS-2 (quality assessment tool for diagnostic accuracy studies). Studies judged to be of adequate quality were retained for meta-analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty studies were included: 15 employed bitewing radiographs, 3 utilized panoramic radiographs, and 2 adopted periapical radiographs. AI accuracy ranged from 28.5% to 100%. Due to the unavailability of essential 2\u2009\u00d7\u20092 contingency data, only 10 studies (6 bitewing, 3 panoramic, and 1 periapical) were eligible for meta-analysis, yielding a pooled sensitivity of 76% (95% CI, 70%-80%), specificity of 94% (95% CI, 90%-96%), and summary receiver operating characteristic area under the curve of 0.90 (95% CI, 0.87-0.92). Substantial heterogeneity was observed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Artificial intelligence models show promising diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries, with bitewing radiographs yielding slightly better performance than panoramic views. While AI holds potential as a clinical decision-support tool, high heterogeneity, and limited external validation remain significant barriers to clinical translation. Future work should prioritize prospective, multicenter validation, and open datasets to support clinical translation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Advances in knowledge<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review covers studies up to October 2025, simultaneously evaluates AI performance of different modalities, enabling direct cross-modal comparison. By stratifying analyses by task type, dataset size, and imaging modality, this study identifies specific sources of performance heterogeneity that have previously confounded pooled estimates in the field. This review also establishes evidence thresholds for clinical implementation, serving as a methodological checkpoint to guide future research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/dmfr\/twag046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T11:05:13Z","timestamp":1783335913000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["AI-based detection of proximal caries across radiographic modalities: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1853-5390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiyang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610041, Sichuan,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610041, Sichuan,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ge","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610041, Sichuan,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6022-2911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ling","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610041, Sichuan,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026071820061783600_twag046-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr\/30526171","article-title":"Proximal caries detection accuracy using intraoral bitewing radiography, extraoral bitewing radiography and panoramic radiography","volume":"41","author":"Kamburoglu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol"},{"key":"2026071820061783600_twag046-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-024-01882-z","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of periapical radiography and panoramic radiography in the detection of apical periodontitis: a systematic review and 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