{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T22:01:07Z","timestamp":1792188067633,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]],"date-time":"2020-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Data on neurodevelopmental outcomes of infants born with esophageal atresia (EA) are still scarce and controversial. The aims of our study were to evaluate motor and cognitive development during the first year of life, in patients operated on of EA and to investigate potential risk factors for motor and cognitive development both at 6 and 12\u00a0months.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>This is an observational prospective longitudinal study in a selected cohort of type C and D EA infants enrolled in our follow-up program from 2009 to 2017. In order to exclude possible confounding factors, the following exclusion criteria were applied: (i) gestational age\u2009\u2264\u200932\u00a0weeks and\/or birth weight\u2009\u2264\u20091500\u00a0g; (ii) genetic syndrome or chromosomal anomaly known to be associated with neurodevelopmental delay; (iii) neurologic disease; (iv) esophageal gap \u2265three vertebral bodies. Patients were evaluated at 6 and 12\u00a0months of life (corrected age for infants with a gestational age of 32\u201337\u00a0weeks) with the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development\u20143rd Edition.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>In our selected cohort of EA infants, 82 were evaluated at 6\u00a0months and 59 were reevaluated at 12\u00a0months. Both Motor and Cognitive average scores were within the norm at both time points. However, we report increased number of infants with motor delay with time: 14% at 6\u00a0months and 24% at 12\u00a0months. Multiple regression analysis for Motor scores at 6 [F(4,74)\u2009=\u20094.363, P\u2009=\u20090.003] and 12\u00a0months [F(6,50)\u2009=\u20092.634, P\u2009=\u20090.027] identified (i) low birth weight, (ii) longer hospital stay and (iii) weight\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009fifth percentile at 1\u00a0year as risk factors. Interestingly, average Cognitive scores also increased with time from 85.2% at 6\u00a0months and 96.6% at 12\u00a0months. Multiple regression models explaining variance of Cognitive scores at 6 [F(4, 73)\u2009=\u20092.458, P\u2009=\u20090.053] and 12\u00a0months [F(6, 49)\u2009=\u20091.232, P\u2009=\u20090.306] were nonsignificant.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Our selected cohort of EA patients shows, on the average, Motor and Cognitive scores within the norm both at 6 and 12\u00a0months. Nevertheless, the percentage of infants with Motor scores below the average increases regardless gestational age. None of clinical and sociodemographic variables taken into consideration was able to predict cognitive development both at 6 and 12\u00a0months whereas risk factors for Motor development change during the first year of life.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Healthcare providers should pay particular attention to patients with low birth weight, longer hospital stays and weight under fifth percentile at 1\u00a0year. Future studies should include long-term outcomes to reveal possible catch up in motor development and\/or possible findings in Cognitive scores.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/dote\/doaa102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]],"date-time":"2020-11-03T05:01:10Z","timestamp":1604379670000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Neurodevelopmental outcome in infants with esophageal atresia: risk factors in the first year of life"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Bevilacqua","family":"Francesca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Clinical Psychology, Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ragni","family":"Benedetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Studies, LUMSA University, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Conforti","family":"Andrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatal Medicine and Surgery, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Braguglia","family":"Annabella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatal Medicine and Surgery, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gentile","family":"Simonetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Clinical Psychology, Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaccara","family":"Antonio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bagolan","family":"Pietro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatal Medicine and Surgery, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aite","family":"Lucia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatal Medicine and Surgery, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2021052405292476400_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sempedsurg.2008.10.010","article-title":"Outcome of esophageal atresia beyond childhood","volume":"18","author":"Rintala","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021052405292476400_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(99)90485-2","article-title":"Long-term physical, psychological, and social functioning of children with esophageal atresia","volume":"34","author":"Bouman","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021052405292476400_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2010.03772.x","article-title":"Early developmental assessment of children with major non-cardiac congenital anomalies predicts development at the age of 5 years","volume":"52","author":"Mazer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021052405292476400_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2010.03506.x","article-title":"Anesthesia and neurotoxicity to the developing brain: the clinical relevance","volume":"21","author":"Davidson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Anesth"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021052405292476400_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-1728","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcomes after neonatal surgery for major noncardiac anomalies","volume":"137","author":"Stolwijk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021052405292476400_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci9120383","article-title":"Neurologic injury and brain growth in the setting of long-gap esophageal atresia perioperative critical care: a pilot study","volume":"9","author":"Rudisill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"2021052405292476400_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-3476(53)80070-3","volume-title":"Atresia of the Esophagus. 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