{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T02:47:34Z","timestamp":1787885254061,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23 DK125266"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23 DK125266"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is primarily diagnosed based on symptoms and response to a proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) trial. Gold standard testing requires an invasive endoscopic procedure, often with ambulatory pH monitoring. Salivary pepsin is a potential noninvasive modality for GERD diagnosis. This study aimed to assess diagnostic performance of salivary pepsin thresholds for GERD and determine optimal collection protocol of saliva in an external validation cohort. Over 10\u00a0months, adults with symptoms of GERD undergoing esophagogastroduodenoscopy with wireless pH-monitoring off PPI were enrolled. Saliva was self-collected by participants over 4 days across three different time points: fasting ante meridiem (AM), post-prandial, and bedtime (PM). Pepsin levels were calculated via Peptest. Pepsin variability and agreement were determined using linear mixed effects models and intraclass correlation. Validation of diagnostic threshold and performance characteristics were evaluated by receiver\u2013operator curve analysis. Twenty participants enrolled in the study; 50% with physiologic acid exposure (acid exposure time\u2009&amp;lt;\u20094% no GERD) and 50% with elevated acid exposure (GERD). Mean pepsin concentrations were significantly lower in the AM (22.6\u2009\u00b1\u200925.2\u00a0ng\/mL) compared to post-prandial (44.5\u2009\u00b1\u200936.7\u00a0ng\/mL) and PM (55.4\u2009\u00b1\u200947.0\u00a0ng\/mL). Agreement between pepsin concentrations across 3 days was substantial for AM samples (kappa 0.61), with lower agreement for post-prandial and PM samples. A single AM pepsin concentration of 25\u00a0ng\/mL was 67% accurate for GERD with 56% sensitivity and 78% specificity. This validation study highlights fair accuracy and performance characteristics of a single fasting AM salivary pepsin concentration for the diagnosis of GERD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/dote\/doac063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T08:20:47Z","timestamp":1663921247000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Diagnostic thresholds and optimal collection protocol of salivary pepsin for gastroesophageal reflux disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5315-8827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven D","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD) School of Medicine , La Jolla, CA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vandan G","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD) School of Medicine , La Jolla, CA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeline","family":"Greytak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego (UCSD) School of Medicine , La Jolla, CA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua E","family":"Rubin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego (UCSD) School of Medicine , La Jolla, CA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander M","family":"Kaizer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Colorado School of Public Health , Aurora, CO , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7872-2033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rena H","family":"Yadlapati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego (UCSD) School of Medicine , La Jolla, CA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2024022417133677500_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.12.014","article-title":"Prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease and proton pump inhibitor-refractory symptoms","volume":"158","author":"Delshad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024022417133677500_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.08.045","article-title":"Burden of gastrointestinal, liver, and pancreatic diseases in the United 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