{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T23:21:32Z","timestamp":1791588092088,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]],"date-time":"2023-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The current curative multimodal treatment of advanced esophageal cancers consists of neoadjuvant or perioperative chemo(radio)therapy followed by a radical surgical resection of the primary tumor and a 2- or 3-field lymphadenectomy. One of the most important predictors of long-term survival of esophageal cancer patients is lymph node involvement. The distribution pattern of lymph node metastases in esophageal cancer is unpredictable and depends on the primary tumor location, histology, T-stage and application of neoadjuvant or perioperative treatment. The optimal extent of the lymphadenectomy remains controversial; there is no global consensus on this topic yet. Some surgeons advocate an aggressive and extended lymph node dissection to remove occult metastatic disease, to optimize oncological outcomes. Others promote a more restricted lymphadenectomy, since the benefit of an extended lymphadenectomy, especially after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, has not been clearly demonstrated, and morbidity may be reduced. In this review, we describe the development of lymphadenectomy, followed by a summary of current evidence for lymphadenectomy in esophageal cancer treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/dote\/doad065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]],"date-time":"2023-12-04T20:08:03Z","timestamp":1701720483000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["History and evidence for state of the art of lymphadenectomy in esophageal cancer surgery"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Nannet","family":"Schuring","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands"},{"name":"Cancer Treatment and Quality of Life, Cancer Center Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands"},{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism , Amsterdam , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark I","family":"van Berge Henegouwen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands"},{"name":"Cancer Treatment and Quality of Life, Cancer Center Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne S","family":"Gisbertz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands"},{"name":"Cancer Treatment and Quality of Life, Cancer Center Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref1","volume-title":"Globocan 2020","author":"International Agency for Research on Cancer W. Colombia"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000002972","article-title":"Postoperative complications and health-related quality of life 10 years after esophageal cancer surgery","volume":"271","author":"Kauppila","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.33.0597","article-title":"Perioperative chemotherapy compared with surgery alone for resectable gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma: an FNCLCC and FFCD multicenter phase III trial","volume":"29","author":"Ychou","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2019.10.023","article-title":"Enhanced recovery programs in gastrointestinal surgery: actions to promote optimal perioperative nutritional and metabolic care","volume":"39","author":"Gianotti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000002171","article-title":"Minimally invasive versus open Esophageal resection: three-year follow-up of the previously reported randomized controlled trial: the TIME trial","volume":"266","author":"Straatman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(15)00040-6","article-title":"Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy plus surgery versus surgery alone for oesophageal or junctional cancer (CROSS): long-term results of a randomised controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Shapiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1112088","article-title":"Preoperative chemoradiotherapy for esophageal or junctional cancer","volume":"366","author":"Hagen","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa055531","article-title":"Perioperative chemotherapy versus surgery alone for resectable gastroesophageal cancer","volume":"355","author":"Cunningham","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32557-1","article-title":"Perioperative chemotherapy with fluorouracil plus leucovorin, oxaliplatin, and docetaxel versus fluorouracil or capecitabine plus cisplatin and epirubicin for locally advanced, resectable gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (FLOT4): a ra","volume":"393","author":"Al-Batran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4592","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2003.12.095","article-title":"Surgery plus chemotherapy compared with surgery alone for localized squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus: a Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study\u2014JCOG9204","volume":"21","author":"Ando","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2010.06.033","article-title":"Phase II study of chemoradiotherapy with 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin for stage II-III esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: JCOG trial (JCOG 9906)","volume":"81","author":"Kato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-011-2049-9","article-title":"A randomized trial comparing postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil versus preoperative chemotherapy for localized advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus (JCOG9907)","volume":"19","author":"Ando","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62231","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.19258","article-title":"Pathologic lymph node ratio is a predictor of esophageal carcinoma patient survival: a literature-based pooled analysis","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e31817bbe59","article-title":"Total number of resected lymph nodes predicts survival in esophageal cancer","volume":"248","author":"Altorki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1007\/s00423-013-1101-6","article-title":"Prognostic impact of lymph node involvement and the extent of lymphadenectomy (LAD) in adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction (AEG)","volume":"398","author":"Sisic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Langenbecks Arch Surg"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s10388-016-0556-2","article-title":"Japanese Classification of Esophageal Cancer, 11th Edition: part II and III","volume":"14","author":"Japan Esophageal Society","year":"2017","journal-title":"Esophagus"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref17","volume-title":"American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC). AJCC Cancer Staging Manual","author":"Amin","year":"2017"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/dote\/doab009","article-title":"A proposal for uniformity in classification of lymph node stations in esophageal cancer","volume":"34","author":"Schuring","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dis Esophagus"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.22148","article-title":"Thoracic recurrent laryngeal lymph node metastases predict cervical node metastases and benefit from three-field dissection in selected patients with thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"105","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01427033","article-title":"Patterns of lymph node metastasis in 3-field dissection for carcinoma in the thoracic esophagus","volume":"24","author":"Sharma","year":"1994","journal-title":"Surg Today"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2009.03.056","article-title":"The pattern and prevalence of lymphatic spread in thoracic oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Cardio-thoracic Surg."},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4016","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-013-3141-0","article-title":"Cervical lymph node dissection for clinically submucosal carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus","volume":"20","author":"Kosugi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2050.2010.01086.x","article-title":"Pattern of lymph node metastases of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma based on the anatomical lymphatic drainage system","volume":"24","author":"Tachimori","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dis Esophagus"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/S1010-7940(99)00122-0","article-title":"Three-field lymphadenectomy and pattern of lymph node spread in T3 adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus and the gastro-esophageal junction","volume":"15","author":"Van De Ven","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Cardio-thoracic Surg"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6604200","article-title":"Staging investigations for oesophageal cancer: a meta-analysis","volume":"98","author":"Van Vliet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10388-016-0551-7","article-title":"Japanese Classification of Esophageal Cancer, 11th Edition: part I","volume":"JE Society part 1","author":"Japan Esophageal Society","year":"2017","journal-title":"Esophagus"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref27","volume-title":"AJCC Cancer Staging System","author":"Amin","year":"2017","edition":"8th"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref28","volume-title":"AJCC Cancer Staging Manual","author":"Amin","year":"2018"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.21209","article-title":"The role of lymphadenectomy in esophageal cancer","volume":"99","author":"Darling","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdw560","article-title":"Multimodality treatment for esophageal adenocarcinoma: multi-center propensity-score matched study","volume":"28","author":"Markar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000000965","article-title":"Lymph node retrieval during esophagectomy with and without neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy\u00a0: prognostic and therapeutic impact on survival","volume":"260","author":"Talsma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.4240\/wjgs.v8.i1.90","article-title":"Lymphatic spreading and lymphadenectomy for esophageal carcinoma","volume":"8","author":"Ji","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Surg"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2006.03.010","article-title":"New insights in the lymphatic spread of oesophageal cancer and its implications for the extent of surgical resection","volume":"20","author":"Cense","year":"2006","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-308124","article-title":"Global incidence of oesophageal cancer by histological subtype in 2012","volume":"64","author":"Arnold","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2016.03.013","article-title":"The burden of oesophageal cancer in central and South America","volume":"44","author":"Barrios","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.24592","article-title":"Global trends in esophageal cancer","volume":"115","author":"Malhotra","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60643-6","article-title":"Oesophageal carcinoma","volume":"381","author":"Pennathur","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2016.10.016","article-title":"Cancer of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction: an eighth edition staging primer","volume":"12","author":"Rice","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/dote\/dox097","article-title":"Pilot-study on the feasibility of sentinel node navigation surgery in combination with thoracolaparoscopic lymphadenectomy without esophagectomy in early esophageal adenocarcinoma patients","volume":"30","author":"K\u00fcnzli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dis Esophagus"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3181a38e89","article-title":"Validation study of radio-guided sentinel lymph node navigation in esophageal cancer","volume":"249","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12061592","article-title":"Distribution of lymph node metastases in esophageal carcinoma patients undergoing upfront surgery: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Hagens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s10388-008-0158-8","article-title":"Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of carcinoma of the esophagus: April 2007 edition: part II edited by the Japan Esophageal Society","volume":"5","author":"Kuwano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Esophagus"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s10388-018-0642-8","article-title":"Esophageal cancer practice guidelines 2017 edited by the Japan Esophageal Society: part 2","volume":"16","author":"Kitagawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Esophagus"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.23122","article-title":"The importance of grouping of lymph node stations and rationale of three-field lymphoadenectomy for thoracic esophageal cancer","volume":"106","author":"Udagawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.21037\/acs.2017.03.14","article-title":"8th edition AJCC\/UICC staging of cancers of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction: application to clinical practice","volume":"6","author":"Rice","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6355","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-020-09545-9","article-title":"Prognostic significance of the number and extent of metastatic lymph nodes in patients with esophageal cancer: comparison of the Union for International Cancer Control 8th edition and Japan Esophageal Society Japanese Classification of Esophageal Cancer 1","volume":"28","author":"Ozawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-019-5761-7","article-title":"Distribution of lymph node metastases in esophageal carcinoma [TIGER study]: study protocol of a multinational observational study","volume":"19","author":"Hagens","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S731","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2017.03.171","article-title":"Three-field lymph node dissection in esophageal cancer surgery","volume":"9","author":"Matsuda","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1007\/s00595-014-0841-4","article-title":"The history of lymphadenectomy for esophageal cancer and the future prospects for esophageal cancer surgery","volume":"45","author":"Fujita","year":"2015","journal-title":"Surg Today"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1002\/ags3.12172","article-title":"Mediastinal lymphadenectomy for esophageal cancer: differences between two countries, Japan and the Netherlands","volume":"2","author":"Cuesta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Gastroenterol Surg"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s10388-023-00993-2","article-title":"Esophageal cancer practice guidelines 2022 edited by the Japan Esophageal Society: part 1","volume":"20","author":"Kitagawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Esophagus."},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s10388-023-00994-1","article-title":"Esophageal cancer practice guidelines 2022 edited by the Japan Esophageal Society: part 2","volume":"20","author":"Kitagawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Esophagus."},{"issue":"3","key":"2024040305385569100_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.21147\/j.issn.1000-9604.2022.04.01","article-title":"National guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of esophageal carcinoma 2022 in China (English version)","volume":"34","author":"Health Commission of the PRC N","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chinese J Cancer Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"2024040305385569100_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2022.07.003","article-title":"Oesophageal cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"33","author":"Obermannov\u00e1","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.228254","article-title":"Guidelines for the management of oesophageal and gastric cancer","volume":"60","author":"Allum","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-019-07316-9","article-title":"Differences in esophageal cancer surgery in terms of surgical approach and extent of lymphadenectomy: findings of an international survey","volume":"26","author":"Rijswijk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref57","volume-title":"Landelijke richtlijn: Oesofaguscarcinoom. Versie 3.1","author":"IKNL"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref58","article-title":"Oesophago-gastric cancer: assessment and management in adults","author":"NICE","year":"2018","journal-title":"NICE Guidel"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref59","author":"Griffiths"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S415","DOI":"10.21037\/tcr.2016.08.32","article-title":"The CROSS road in neoadjuvant therapy for esophageal cancer: long-term results of CROSS trial","volume":"5","author":"Wong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl Cancer Res"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref61","article-title":"Impact of radiation dose on survival for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e31827e1f6d","article-title":"Explore the radiotherapeutic clinical target volume delineation for thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma from the pattern of lymphatic metastases","volume":"8","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76261","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.12842","article-title":"A new classification of lymph node metastases according to the lymph node stations for predicting prognosis in surgical patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"7","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2018.01.083","article-title":"Near-infrared lymphatic mapping of the recurrent laryngeal nerve nodes in T1 esophageal cancer","volume":"105","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/S1010-7940(01)00701-1","article-title":"Prognostic evaluation for squamous cell carcinomas of the lower thoracic esophagus treated with three-field lymph node dissection","volume":"19","author":"Igaki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Cardio-thoracic Surg"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref66","first-page":"2313","article-title":"Precise delineation of clinical target volume for crossingsegments thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma based on the pattern of lymph node metastases","volume":"7","author":"Dong","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000003499","article-title":"Mapping of lymph node metastasis from esophagogastric junction tumors","volume":"274","author":"Kurokawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-020-09106-0","article-title":"Distribution of lymph node metastasis in Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma after Trimodal therapy","volume":"28","author":"Hamai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-018-6946-z","article-title":"Clinical impact of the location of lymph node metastases after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for middle and lower thoracic Esophageal cancer","volume":"26","author":"Miyata","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.5833\/jjgs.9.424","article-title":"Lymph node metastasis in esophageal cancer; with special reference to upper mediastinum and measures for its treatment","volume":"9","author":"Kinoshita","year":"1976","journal-title":"Japanese J Gastroenterol Surg"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199409000-00012","article-title":"Radical lymph node dissection for cancer of the thoracic esophagus","volume":"220","author":"Akiyama","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.11497","article-title":"Three-field versus two-field lymphadenectomy in transthoracic oesophagectomy for oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma: short-term outcomes of a randomized clinical trial","volume":"107","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s00595-022-02544-1","article-title":"Prophylactic supraclavicular lymph node dissection for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Tsunoda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surg Today"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18022","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i47.18022","article-title":"Three-field vs two-field lymph node dissection for esophageal cancer: a meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref75","first-page":"940","article-title":"Three-field versus two-field lymphadenectomy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a long-term survival meta-analysis","volume":"171","author":"Bona","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surg (United States)"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1177\/145749690609500409","article-title":"Adenocarcinoma of the esophago-gastric junction","volume":"95","author":"Siewert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Scand J Surg"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4347","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-019-07205-y","article-title":"Distribution of lymph node metastases in esophageal adenocarcinoma after neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy: a prospective study","volume":"34","author":"Hagens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.18003413304","article-title":"The surgical treatment of carcinoma of the oesophagus with special reference to a new operation for growths of the middle third","volume":"34","author":"Lewis","year":"1946","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref79","first-page":"389","article-title":"Carcinoma of the \u0153sophagus","volume":"67","author":"McKeown","year":"1974","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Med"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-198409000-00005","article-title":"Transhiatal esophagectomy without thoracotomy for carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus","volume":"200","author":"Oringer","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e318188c474","article-title":"The number of lymph nodes removed predicts survival in esophageal cancer: an international study on the impact of extent of surgical resection","volume":"248","author":"Peyre","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2015.2611","article-title":"Extent of lymphadenectomy and prognosis after esophageal cancer surgery","volume":"151","author":"Lagergren","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref83","author":"Hagens"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000004479","article-title":"A more extensive lymphadenectomy enhances survival following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced esophageal adenocarcinoma","volume":"276","author":"Sihag","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000002824","article-title":"Prognostic value of lymph node yield on overall survival in esophageal cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"269","author":"Visser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa022749","article-title":"Noninvasive detection of clinically occult lymph-node metastases in prostate cancer","volume":"348","author":"Harisinghani","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(08)70203-1","article-title":"MRI with a lymph-node-specific contrast agent as an alternative to CT scan and lymph-node dissection in patients with prostate cancer: a prospective multicohort study","volume":"9","author":"Heesakkers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1102\/1470-7330.2009.0004","article-title":"Detection of lymph node metastases with ultrasmall super paramagnetic iron oxide (USPIO)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in oesophageal cancer: a feasibility study","volume":"9","author":"Pultrum","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Imaging"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-200008000-00013","article-title":"Improvement in the results of surgical treatment of advanced squamous esophageal carcinoma during 15 consecutive years","volume":"232","author":"Ando","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/ags3.12206","article-title":"Sentinel node navigation surgery in esophageal cancer","volume":"3","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Gastroenterol Surg"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640617753808","article-title":"Endoscopic management and follow-up of patients with a submucosal esophageal adenocarcinoma","volume":"6","author":"K\u00fcnzli","year":"2018","journal-title":"United Eur Gastroenterol J"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-014-3881-3","article-title":"The frequency of lymph node metastasis in early-stage adenocarcinoma of the esophagus with incipient submucosal invasion (pT1b sm1) depending on histological risk patterns","volume":"29","author":"Manner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref93","first-page":"1","article-title":"Early-stage adenocarcinoma of the esophagus with mid to deep submucosal invasion (pT1b sm2-3): the frequency of lymph-node metastasis depends on macroscopic and histological risk patterns","volume":"30","author":"Manner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dis Esophagus"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4102","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-016-5071-y","article-title":"Management of patients with T1b esophageal adenocarcinoma: a retrospective cohort study on patient management and risk of metastatic disease","volume":"30","author":"Sch\u00f6lvinck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2671","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-021-08551-6","article-title":"Feasibility of sentinel node navigated surgery in high-risk T1b esophageal adenocarcinoma patients using a hybrid tracer of technetium-99 m and indocyanine green","volume":"36","author":"Overwater","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4002","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-023-13317-6","article-title":"Feasibility and safety of tailored lymphadenectomy using sentinel node-navigated surgery in patients with high-risk T1 Esophageal adenocarcinoma","volume":"30","author":"Frederiks","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1007\/s13304-020-00836-0","article-title":"Fluorescence-guided lymphadenectomy in gastric cancer: a prospective western series","volume":"72","author":"Baiocchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Updates Surg"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2019.6033","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of Indocyanine green tracer-guided lymph node dissection during laparoscopic radical gastrectomy in patients with gastric cancer: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"155","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2018.4267","article-title":"Fluorescent Lymphography-guided lymphadenectomy during robotic radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer","volume":"154","author":"Kwon","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezx141","article-title":"Near-infrared image-guided lymphatic mapping in minimally invasive oesophagectomy of distal oesophageal cancer","volume":"52","author":"Helminen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Cardio-thoracic Surg"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/s00104-019-01039-z","article-title":"Fluorescence-guided detection of lymph node metastases of gastrointestinal tumors","volume":"90","author":"Picchetto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chirurg"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref102","first-page":"414","article-title":"Endoscopic oesophagectomy through a right thoracoscopic approach","volume":"37","author":"Cuschieri","year":"1992","journal-title":"J R Coll Surg Edinb"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(05)80165-5","article-title":"Laparoscopy-assisted surgery: a new technique for transhiatal esophageal dissection","volume":"168","author":"Sadanaga","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60516-9","article-title":"Minimally invasive versus open oesophagectomy for patients with oesophageal cancer: a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial","volume":"379","author":"Biere","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1805101","article-title":"Hybrid minimally invasive esophagectomy for esophageal cancer","volume":"380","author":"Mariette","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-11-310","article-title":"Open versus laparoscopically-assisted oesophagectomy for cancer: a multicentre randomised controlled phase III trial\u2014the MIRO trial","volume":"11","author":"Briez","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2020.7081","article-title":"Five-year survival outcomes of hybrid minimally invasive esophagectomy in Esophageal cancer: results of the MIRO randomized clinical trial","volume":"156","author":"Nuytens","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyv178","article-title":"A randomized Phase III trial of thoracoscopic versus open esophagectomy for thoracic esophageal cancer: Japan Clinical Oncology Group study JCOG1409","volume":"46","author":"Kataoka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Jpn J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000002469","article-title":"Learning curve and associated morbidity of minimally invasive Esophagectomy: a retrospective Multicenter study","volume":"269","author":"Van Workum","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref110","article-title":"Learning curves and safe implementation of minimally invasive esophagectomy","volume":"4","author":"Workum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Esophagus"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.9963","article-title":"National proficiency-gain curves for minimally invasive gastrointestinal cancer surgery","volume":"103","author":"Mackenzie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2130","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.19.02483","article-title":"Implementation of minimally invasive esophagectomy from a randomized controlled trial setting to national practice","volume":"38","author":"Markar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2703","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-019-06692-3","article-title":"The effect of time between procedures upon the proficiency gain period for minimally invasive esophagectomy","volume":"34","author":"Markar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-021-08780-x","article-title":"Robot-assisted minimally invasive thoraco-laparoscopic esophagectomy versus minimally invasive esophagectomy for resectable esophageal adenocarcinoma, a randomized controlled trial (ROBOT-2 trial)","volume":"21","author":"Tagkalos","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1007\/s00423-016-1400-9","article-title":"Indocyanine green fluorescence angiography for intraoperative assessment of gastrointestinal anastomotic perfusion: a systematic review of clinical trials","volume":"401","author":"Degett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Langenbecks Arch Surg"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-018-06628-3","article-title":"Transcervical minimally invasive esophagectomy using da Vinci\u00ae SP\u2122 surgical system: a feasibility study in cadaveric model","volume":"33","author":"Chiu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"2024040305385569100_ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s10388-018-0634-8","article-title":"Robot-assisted mediastinoscopic esophagectomy for esophageal cancer: the first clinical series","volume":"16","author":"Nakauchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Esophagus"}],"container-title":["Diseases of the Esophagus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/dote\/article-pdf\/37\/4\/doad065\/57139010\/doad065.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/dote\/article-pdf\/37\/4\/doad065\/57139010\/doad065.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T05:39:51Z","timestamp":1712122791000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/dote\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/dote\/doad065\/7458231"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]]},"references-count":117,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/dote\/doad065","relation":{},"ISSN":["1120-8694","1442-2050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1120-8694","type":"print"},{"value":"1442-2050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]]},"article-number":"doad065"}}