{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T20:49:34Z","timestamp":1765486174678,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32DK101363"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32DK101363"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Health care disparities affecting the care of multiple disease groups are of growing concern internationally. Research guidelines, governmental institutions, and scientific journals have attempted to minimize disparities through policies regarding the collection and reporting of racial\/ethnic data. One area where shortcomings remain is in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). This systematic review, which adheres to the PRISMA statement, focuses on characterizing existing methodological weaknesses in research focusing on studies regarding the assessment, prevalence, treatment, and outcomes of GERD patients. Search terms included GERD and typical symptoms of GERD in ethnic groups or minorities. We reviewed 62 articles. The majority of studies did not report the race\/ethnicity of all participants, and among those who did, very few followed accepted guidelines. While there were diverse participants, there was also diversity in the manner in which groups were labeled, making comparisons difficult. There appeared to be a disparity with respect to countries reporting race\/ethnicity, with certain countries more likely to report this variable. Samples overwhelmingly consisted of the study country's majority population. The majority of studies justified the use of race\/ethnicity as a study variable and investigated conceptually related factors such as socioeconomic status and environment. Yet, many studies wrote as if race\/ethnicity reflected biological differences. Despite recommendations, it appears that GERD researchers around the world struggle with the appropriate and standard way to include, collect, report, and discuss race\/ethnicity. Recommendations on ways to address these issues are included with the goal of preventing and identifying health care disparities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/dote\/dox154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,20]],"date-time":"2018-03-20T16:54:39Z","timestamp":1521564879000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Systematic review: methodological flaws in racial\/ethnic reporting for gastroesophageal reflux disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"M R","family":"Craven","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Kia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L C","family":"O\u2019Dwyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0896-2522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E","family":"Stern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T H","family":"Taft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Keefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019091011382095800_bib1","article-title":"Unequal treatment: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care","volume-title":"Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care","author":"Smedley","year":"2003"},{"key":"2019091011382095800_bib2","article-title":"Health and freedom from discrimination","volume-title":"Human Rights Publication Series 2","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2001"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"2019091011382095800_bib3","article-title":"CDC health disparities and inequalities report: United States 2013","volume":"62","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta, Ga","year":"2013","journal-title":"In MMWR"},{"key":"2019091011382095800_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.60.1.27","article-title":"The meaning of race in psychology and how to change it: a methodological perspective","volume":"60","author":"Helms","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"article-title":"NIH Policy on Reporting Race and Ethnicity Data: Subjects in Clinical Research (NOT-OD-01-053)","year":"2001","author":"Health NIo","key":"2019091011382095800_bib5"},{"article-title":"Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals","year":"2016","author":"ICMJE","key":"2019091011382095800_bib6"},{"key":"2019091011382095800_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2010.2469","article-title":"Inclusion, analysis, and reporting of sex and race\/ethnicity in clinical trials: have we made progress?","volume":"20","author":"Geller","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Womens Health"},{"key":"2019091011382095800_bib8","first-page":"96","article-title":"Characterization of clinical study populations by race and ethnicity in biomedical literature","volume":"22","author":"Kanakamedala","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ethn Dis"},{"key":"2019091011382095800_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(03)00031-3","article-title":"Adequacy of reporting race\/ethnicity in clinical trials in areas of health disparities","volume":"56","author":"Corbie-Smith","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2019091011382095800_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-3565(05)00153-9","article-title":"Prevalence and socioeconomic impact of upper gastrointestinal disorders in the United States: results of the US Upper Gastrointestinal Study","volume":"3","author":"Camilleri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2019091011382095800_bib11","article-title":"Global prevalence of, and risk factors for, gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms: a meta-analysis","author":"Eusebi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2019091011382095800_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00630.x","article-title":"The Montreal definition and classification of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a global evidence-based consensus","volume":"101","author":"Vakil","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2019091011382095800_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2010.01.007","article-title":"The diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease","volume":"123","author":"Lacy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"2019091011382095800_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.70.Suppl_5.S4","article-title":"GERD pathogenesis, pathophysiology, and clinical manifestations","volume":"70","author":"Kahrilas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cleve Clin J Med"},{"key":"2019091011382095800_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2012.04027.x","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic disparities in HIV infection among people who inject drugs: an international systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"107","author":"Des Jarlais","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2019091011382095800_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2015.138","article-title":"Racial minorities are more likely than whites to report lack of provider recommendation for colon cancer screening","volume":"110","author":"May","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2019091011382095800_bib17","first-page":"86","article-title":"Systematic reviews and meta-analyses: an illustrated, step-by-step guide","volume":"17","author":"Pai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Natl Med J India"},{"key":"2019091011382095800_bib18","first-page":"666","article-title":"Unequal treatment: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care","volume":"94","author":"Nelson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"2019091011382095800_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2709","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.20.2709","article-title":"Use of race and ethnicity in biomedical publication","volume":"289","author":"Kaplan","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2019091011382095800_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym018","article-title":"Tools for assessing quality and susceptibility to bias in observational studies in epidemiology: a systematic review and annotated bibliography","volume":"36","author":"Sanderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2019091011382095800_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2010.04335.x","article-title":"Clinical trial: gastric acid suppression in Hispanic adults with symptomatic gastro-oesophageal reflux disease\u2014comparator study of esomeprazole, lansoprazole, and pantoprazole","volume":"32","author":"Morgan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2019091011382095800_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1038\/465688a","article-title":"Sex bias in trials and treatment must end","volume":"465","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2019091011382095800_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2003.01674.x","article-title":"Development and validation of a disease-specific treatment satisfaction questionnaire for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease","volume":"18","author":"Coyne","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2019091011382095800_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e3180653613","article-title":"Validation of a graded response questionnaire for the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease in an Asian primary care population","volume":"42","author":"Ho","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2019091011382095800_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2010.04385.x","article-title":"The development and validation of a nocturnal gastro-oesophageal reflux disease symptom severity and impact questionnaire for adults","volume":"32","author":"Spiegel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2019091011382095800_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.299","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of columnar lined esophagus in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) patients undergoing upper endoscopy","volume":"107","author":"Balasubramanian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2019091011382095800_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-011-0112-x","article-title":"Epidemiology and symptom profile of gastroesophageal reflux in the Indian population: report of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology Task Force","volume":"30","author":"Bhatia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2019091011382095800_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.03.077","article-title":"Gastroesophageal reflux among different racial groups in the United States.","volume":"126","author":"El-Serag","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2019091011382095800_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1111\/dote.12007","article-title":"Population-based assessment of heartburn in urban Black Americans","volume":"26","author":"Friedenberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dis Esophagus"},{"key":"2019091011382095800_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2007.03290.x","article-title":"Does body mass index differ between patients with Barrett's oesophagus and patients with chronic gastro-oesophageal reflux disease?","volume":"25","author":"Gerson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2019091011382095800_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e89256","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089256","article-title":"Determinants of gastroesophageal reflux disease, including hookah smoking and opium use- a cross-sectional analysis of 50,000 individuals","volume":"9","author":"Islami","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2019091011382095800_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2005.03887.x","article-title":"Changing prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux with changing time: longitudinal study in an Asian population","volume":"20","author":"Lim","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2019091011382095800_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7333","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i48.7333","article-title":"Incidence of gastroesophageal reflux disease in Uygur and Han Chinese adults in Urumqi","volume":"18","author":"Niu","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2019091011382095800_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01208.x","article-title":"Hygiene could affect GERD prevalence independently: a population-based study in Tehran","volume":"102","author":"Nouraie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2019091011382095800_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mcg.0000225664.68920.96","article-title":"Prevalence of GERD symptoms in a representative Israeli adult population","volume":"41","author":"Sperber","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2019091011382095800_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mcg.0000135364.12794.e5","article-title":"Profile of GERD in the adult population of a northeast urban community","volume":"38","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2019091011382095800_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2003.01737.x","article-title":"Prevalence, clinical spectrum and health care utilization of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in a Chinese population: a population-based study","volume":"18","author":"Wong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2019091011382095800_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-007-9842-0","article-title":"Prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms and uninvestigated dyspepsia in Korea: a population-based study","volume":"53","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"2019091011382095800_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2010.04396.x","article-title":"Prevalence, knowledge and care patterns for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in United States minority populations","volume":"32","author":"Yuen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2019091011382095800_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022812103923","article-title":"Reductions in symptom distress reported by patients with moderately severe, nonerosive gastroesophageal reflux disease treated with rabeprazole","volume":"48","author":"Damiano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"2019091011382095800_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-3-4","article-title":"The influence of demographic factors and health-related quality of life on treatment satisfaction in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease treated with esomeprazole","volume":"3","author":"Degl' Innocenti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"2019091011382095800_bib42","first-page":"50","article-title":"Treatment of patients with persistent heartburn symptoms: a double-blind, randomized trial","author":"Fass","year":"2006"},{"key":"2019091011382095800_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3091","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v11.i20.3091","article-title":"Rabeprazole vs esomeprazole in non-erosive gastro-esophageal reflux disease: a randomized, double-blind study in urban Asia","volume":"11","author":"Fock","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2019091011382095800_bib44","first-page":"526","article-title":"Regular post dinner walk; can be a useful lifestyle modification for gastroesophageal reflux","volume":"61","author":"Karim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"key":"2019091011382095800_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e318205e164","article-title":"Risk factors for nocturnal reflux in a large GERD cohort","volume":"45","author":"Gaddam","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2019091011382095800_bib46","first-page":"747","article-title":"Correlation of quality of life with gastroesophageal reflux disease amongst Qashqai nomads in Iran","volume":"15","author":"Masoumi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Iran Med"}],"container-title":["Diseases of the Esophagus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/dote\/article-pdf\/31\/3\/dox154\/29196558\/dox154.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T04:52:19Z","timestamp":1719895939000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/dote\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/dote\/dox154\/4850446"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,9]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/dote\/dox154","relation":{},"ISSN":["1120-8694","1442-2050"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1120-8694"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1442-2050"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,9]]},"article-number":"dox154"}}