{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T12:42:05Z","timestamp":1788784925883,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":174,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Medical College of St Bartholomew\u2019s Hospital"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018063","name":"Bowel Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018063","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Targeting leukocyte trafficking in the management of inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] has been a significant therapeutic advance over the past 15 years. However, as with other advanced therapies, phase III clinical trials report response to trafficking inhibitors in only a proportion of patients, with fewer achieving clinical remission or mucosal healing. Additionally, there have been significant side effects, most notably progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in association with the \u03b14 inhibitor natalizumab.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>This article reviews the mechanisms underpinning T cell recruitment and residence, to provide a background from which the strength and limitations of agents that disrupt leukocyte trafficking can be further explored.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>The therapeutic impact of trafficking inhibitors is underpinned by the complexity and plasticity of the intestinal immune response. Pathways essential for gut homing in health may be bypassed in the inflamed gut, thus providing alternative routes of entry when conventional homing molecules are targeted. Furthermore, there is conservation of trafficking architecture between proinflammatory and regulatory T cells. The persistence of resident memory cells within the gut gives rise to local established pro-inflammatory populations, uninfluenced by inhibition of trafficking. Finally, trafficking inhibitors may give rise to effects beyond the intended response, such as the impact of vedolizumab on innate immunity, as well as on target side effects.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>With significant research efforts into predictive biomarkers already underway, it is ultimately hoped that a better understanding of trafficking and residence will help us predict which patients are most likely to respond to inhibition of leukocyte trafficking, and how best to combine therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjad027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]],"date-time":"2023-02-18T19:47:26Z","timestamp":1676749646000},"page":"1326-1341","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Recruitment and Residence of Intestinal T Cells \u2013 Lessons for Therapy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Hannah","family":"Gordon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Barts & The London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London , London , UK"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Barts Health NHS Trust , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beverley","family":"Rodger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Barts & The London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James O","family":"Lindsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Barts & The London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London , London , UK"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Barts Health NHS Trust , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J","family":"Stagg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Barts & The London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023082114505141600_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0205-x","article-title":"Ulcerative colitis","volume":"6","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"2023082114505141600_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0156-2","article-title":"Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"6","author":"Roda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"2023082114505141600_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00942","article-title":"Interactions between intestinal microbiota and host immune response in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2023082114505141600_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1515\/jbcpp-2018-0036","article-title":"Immune response and inflammatory pathway of ulcerative colitis","volume":"30","author":"Tatiya-Aphiradee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2023082114505141600_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2014.966321","article-title":"The innate immune system and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"50","author":"Davies","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2023082114505141600_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2009.206466","article-title":"Crohn\u2019s disease: NOD2, autophagy and ER stress converge","volume":"60","author":"Fritz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2023082114505141600_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01212","article-title":"Effector T helper cell subsets in inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"9","author":"Imam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2023082114505141600_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjx143","article-title":"Vedolizumab in IBD-lessons from real-world experience; 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