{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T05:25:55Z","timestamp":1788585955298,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]],"date-time":"2023-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004319","name":"Pfizer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004319","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We sought to determine whether six commonly used immunosuppressive regimens were associated with lower antibody responses after seasonal influenza vaccination in patients with inflammatory bowel disease [IBD].<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We conducted a prospective study including 213 IBD patients and 53 healthy controls: 165 who had received seasonal influenza vaccine and 101 who had not. IBD medications included infliximab, thiopurines, infliximab and thiopurine combination therapy, ustekinumab, vedolizumab, or tofacitinib. The primary outcome was antibody responses against influenza\/A H3N2 and A\/H1N1, compared to controls, adjusting for age, prior vaccination, and interval between vaccination and sampling.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Lower antibody responses against influenza A\/H3N2 were observed in patients on infliximab (geometric mean ratio 0.35 [95% confidence interval 0.20\u20130.60], p\u2005=\u20050.0002), combination of infliximab and thiopurine therapy (0.46 [0.27\u20130.79], p\u2005=\u20050.0050), and tofacitinib (0.28 [0.14\u20130.57], p\u2005=\u20050.0005) compared to controls. Lower antibody responses against A\/H1N1 were observed in patients on infliximab (0.29 [0.15\u20130.56], p\u2005=\u20050.0003), combination of infliximab and thiopurine therapy (0.34 [0.17\u20130.66], p\u2005=\u20050.0016), thiopurine monotherapy (0.46 [0.24\u20130.87], p\u2005=\u20050.017), and tofacitinib (0.23 [0.10\u20130.56], p\u2005=\u20050.0013). Ustekinumab and vedolizumab were not associated with reduced antibody responses against A\/H3N2 or A\/H1N1. Vaccination in the previous year was associated with higher antibody responses to A\/H3N2. Vaccine-induced anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody concentration weakly correlated with antibodies against H3N2 [r\u2005=\u20050.27; p\u2005=\u20050.0004] and H1N1 [r\u2005=\u20050.33; p\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.0001].<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Vaccination in both the 2020\u20132021 and 2021\u20132022 seasons was associated with significantly higher antibody responses to influenza\/A than no vaccination or vaccination in 2021\u20132022 alone. Infliximab and tofacitinib are associated with lower binding antibody responses to influenza\/A, similar to COVID-19 vaccine-induced antibody responses.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjad182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]],"date-time":"2023-11-09T11:46:39Z","timestamp":1699530399000},"page":"560-569","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Antibody Responses to Influenza Vaccination are Diminished in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease on Infliximab or Tofacitinib"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1363-6708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhigang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8542-327X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James L","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London , London , UK"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust , London , UK"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, St Marks Hospital and Academic Institute, Gastroenterology , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Yee Eng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hajir","family":"Ibraheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London , London , UK"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sulak","family":"Anandabaskaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London , London , UK"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, St Marks Hospital and Academic Institute, Gastroenterology , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aamir","family":"Saifuddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London , London , UK"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, St Marks Hospital and Academic Institute, Gastroenterology , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Constable","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rocio","family":"Castro Seoane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0965-9587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire","family":"Bewshea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exeter Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, University of Exeter , Exeter , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Nice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exeter Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, University of Exeter , Exeter , UK"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry, Exeter Clinical Laboratory International, Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust , Exeter , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"D\u2019Mello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medicine & Integrated Care, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gareth R","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian , Edinburgh , UK"},{"name":"Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen\u2019s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharmili","family":"Balarajah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London , London , UK"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Fiorentino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London , London , UK"},{"name":"Nightingale-Saunders Clinical Trials & Epidemiology Unit [King\u2019s Clinical Trials Unit], King\u2019s College London , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3670-6545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaji","family":"Sebastian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust , Hull , UK"},{"name":"Hull York Medical School, University of Hull , Hull , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter M","family":"Irving","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Guy\u2019s and St Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust , London , UK"},{"name":"School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King\u2019s College London , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy C","family":"Hicks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London , London , UK"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Horace R T","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London , London , UK"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra J","family":"Kent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, King\u2019s College Hospital , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Linger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The NIHR Bioresource, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miles","family":"Parkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The NIHR Bioresource, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust , Cambridge , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaartje","family":"Kok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Bart\u2019s Health NHS Trust , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamal V","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, St George\u2019s Hospital NHS Trust , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian P","family":"Teare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London , London , UK"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel M","family":"Altmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosemary J","family":"Boyton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London , London , UK"},{"name":"Lung Division, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy\u2019s and St Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ailsa L","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, St Marks Hospital and Academic Institute, Gastroenterology , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlie W","family":"Lees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian , Edinburgh , UK"},{"name":"Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen\u2019s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James R","family":"Goodhand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exeter Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, University of Exeter , Exeter , UK"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust , Exeter , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas A","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exeter Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, University of Exeter , Exeter , UK"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust , Exeter , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9513-5183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katrina M","family":"Pollock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London , London , UK"},{"name":"NIHR Imperial Clinical Research Facility and NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6058-5528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tariq","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exeter Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, University of Exeter 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