{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T03:09:10Z","timestamp":1794280150420,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":29,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Complex gene-environment interaction (GXE) for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains elusive. This systematic review aims to summarize the current evidence of GXE in IBD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus were systematically searched from inception through April 30, 2024, to identify publications examining the interaction effect of genetic variants and environmental factors in IBD. All eligible studies were graded using STREGA guideline.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four thousand eight hundred thirty-three publications were identified and screened, resulting in 39 eligible studies, and 17 studies reported statistically significant interactions. NOD2-smoking interaction was most frequently investigated and showed variant-specific effect at rs2066847 regarding the risk of Crohn\u2019s disease. Gene-smoking interactions were further identified in other IBD risk genes (ATG16L1, IL23R, and CALM3), detoxification genes (GSTP1 and HMOX1), smoking-associated genes (CHRNA3, CHRNA5, PPP1R3C, and BDNF), and the inflammatory cytokine (IL1B) through a candidate gene approach. Immunochip-wide interaction analyses yielded 64 smoking interacting variants. Gene-diet interactions were observed across multiple nutritional measures, including fatty acid intake with CYP4F3 and FADS2, serum selenium with SEPHS1 and SEPSECS, potassium intake with IL21, alcohol consumption with IL12B, heme iron intake with FCGR2A, and serum vitamin D with VDR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Current evidence indicated that the IBD risk conferred by environmental factors can vary among the individuals carrying certain genetic variants. Further efforts, including genome wide environment interaction studies and genotype-based nutrition\/lifestyle clinical trials, are needed to unravel the missing heritability influenced by environmental exposures and to construct personalized recommendations of lifestyle\/dietary modification based on an individual genetic background.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaf061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T07:32:27Z","timestamp":1748331147000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Gene-Environment Interactions in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review of Human Epidemiologic Studies"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Bai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6208-2967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dianne Gelien","family":"Bouwknegt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7928-7371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rinse Karel","family":"Weersma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerard","family":"Dijkstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberley Wilhelmina Johanna","family":"van der Sloot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleonora Anna Margaretha","family":"Festen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen ,","place":["the Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e065186","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-065186","article-title":"Global, regional and national burden of inflammatory bowel disease in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis based on the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-023-01384-0","article-title":"Genetic architecture of the inflammatory bowel diseases across east asian and european ancestries","volume":"55","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Genet."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3359","article-title":"Association analyses identify 38 susceptibility loci for inflammatory bowel disease and highlight shared genetic risk across populations","volume":"47","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Genet."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.1996.0117","article-title":"Gene\u2013environment interaction: definitions and study design","volume":"25","author":"Ottman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Prev Med."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-023-02312-z","article-title":"Probing the diabetes and colorectal cancer relationship using gene - environment interaction analyses","volume":"129","author":"Dimou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Cancer."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s13058-023-01691-8","article-title":"A genome-wide gene-environment interaction study of breast cancer risk for women of european ancestry","volume":"25","author":"Middha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01288-9","article-title":"Genome-wide gene-environment interactions in neuroticism: an exploratory study across 25 environments","volume":"11","author":"Werme","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-00360-x","article-title":"The four epidemiological stages in the global evolution of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"18","author":"Kaplan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-05-0456","article-title":"Complementing the genome with an \u201cexposome\u201d: the outstanding challenge of environmental exposure measurement in molecular epidemiology","volume":"14","author":"Wild","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.04.016","article-title":"Environmental risk factors for inflammatory bowel diseases: an umbrella review of meta-analyses","volume":"157","author":"Piovani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.690","article-title":"Worldwide distribution of cytochrome p450 alleles: a meta-analysis of population-scale sequencing projects","volume":"102","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-9877(02)00401-2","article-title":"Etiopathogenesis of pediatric crohn\u2019s disease. Biologic pathways based on interactions between genetic and environmental factors","volume":"60","author":"Amre","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000188","article-title":"Gene-environment interactions in inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Gastroenterol."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4","DOI":"10.1017\/erm.2014.5","article-title":"Gene-environment interaction in autoimmune disease","volume":"16","author":"Ellis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Rev Mol Med."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113014","article-title":"Interaction and synergism","volume":"112","author":"Saracci","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2023.03.238","article-title":"Defining interactions between the genome, epigenome, and the environment in inflammatory bowel disease: progress and prospects","volume":"165","author":"Noble","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.3163\/1536-5050.104.3.014","article-title":"De-duplication of database search results for systematic reviews in endnote","volume":"104","author":"Bramer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Med Libr Assoc."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan\u2014a web and mobile app for systematic reviews","volume":"5","author":"Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst Rev."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-150-3-200902030-00011","article-title":"Strengthening the reporting of genetic association studies (strega): An extension of the strobe statement","volume":"150","author":"Little","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.05.010","article-title":"Genetic factors interact with tobacco smoke to modify risk for inflammatory bowel disease in humans and mice","volume":"153","author":"Yadav","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.14695","article-title":"Effects of smoking on the association of human leukocyte antigen with ulcerative colitis","volume":"34","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00926.x","article-title":"A population-based case-control study of card15 and other risk factors in crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis","volume":"102","author":"Brant","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520701427102","article-title":"Mutations in card15 and smoking confer susceptibility to crohn\u2019s disease in the danish population","volume":"42","author":"Ernst","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.659","article-title":"Differences in genetic background between active smokers, passive smokers, and non-smokers with crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"105","author":"van der Heide","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2350-13-14","article-title":"A case-only study of gene-environment interaction between genetic susceptibility variants in nod2 and cigarette smoking in crohn\u2019s disease aetiology","volume":"13","author":"Helbig","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Med Genet."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2017.06.012","article-title":"The nod2-smoking interaction in crohn\u2019s disease is likely specific to the 1007fs mutation and may be explained by age at diagnosis: a meta-analysis and case-only study","volume":"21","author":"Kuenzig","year":"2017","journal-title":"EBioMedicine."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2519","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2008.02023.x","article-title":"Atg16l1 t300a shows strong associations with disease subgroups in a large australian ibd population: further support for significant disease heterogeneity","volume":"103","author":"Fowler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12674","article-title":"Smoking behaviour modifies il23r-associated disease risk in patients with crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"30","author":"Doecke","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2022.155901","article-title":"Il12b rs6887695 polymorphism and interaction with alcohol intake in the risk of ulcerative colitis in japan","volume":"155","author":"Miyake","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cytokine."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23472","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.23472","article-title":"Interleukin-12b gene rs6887695 and rs2288831 polymorphisms are associated with an increased risk of ulcerative colitis development in chinese han population: a case-control study","volume":"34","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Anal."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-013-1395-z","article-title":"Gene-gene and gene-environment interactions in ulcerative colitis","volume":"133","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Genet."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-016-0941-2","article-title":"Interaction between stat3 gene polymorphisms and smoking on crohn\u2019s disease susceptibility: a case-control study in a chinese han population","volume":"65","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflamm Res."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1086\/302947","article-title":"High-density genome scan in crohn disease shows confirmed linkage to chromosome 14q11-12","volume":"66","author":"Duerr","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00054725-200501000-00001","article-title":"The ibd international genetics consortium provides further evidence for linkage to ibd4 and shows gene-environment interaction","volume":"11","author":"Pierik","year":"2005","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-5107(01)00206-8","article-title":"Glutathione-s-transferase family of enzymes","volume":"482","author":"Strange","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mutat Res."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2010.490594","article-title":"Genetic variants of glutathione s-transferases mu, theta, and pi display no susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease in the danish population","volume":"45","author":"Ernst","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000014","article-title":"Genetic polymorphisms in metabolizing enzymes modifying the association between smoking and inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"20","author":"Ananthakrishnan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00491-x","article-title":"Regulation of inflammation by the antioxidant haem oxygenase 1","volume":"21","author":"Campbell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2350-11-82","article-title":"The polymorphism rs3024505 proximal to il-10 is associated with risk of ulcerative colitis and crohns disease in a danish case-control study","volume":"11","author":"Andersen","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Med Genet."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21440","article-title":"Cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2) polymorphisms and risk of inflammatory bowel disease in a scottish and danish case-control study","volume":"17","author":"Andersen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0041","first-page":"101","article-title":"Stat6 rs324015 gene polymorphism increases ulcerative colitis risk: a case-control study","volume":"14","author":"Dai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmgenomics Pers Med."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14378","article-title":"Genetic polymorphisms associated with smoking behaviour predict the risk of surgery in patients with crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"47","author":"Lang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izx094","article-title":"Smoking interacts with chrna5, a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit gene, to influence the risk of ibd-related surgery","volume":"24","author":"Cushing","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9050500","article-title":"Macronutrient intake and risk of crohn\u2019s disease: systematic review and dose\u2013response meta-analysis of epidemiological studies","volume":"9","author":"Zeng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.13416","article-title":"Fat intake and risk of ulcerative colitis: systematic review and dose\u2013response meta-analysis of epidemiological studies","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.313","article-title":"Fatty acids, il6, and tnfalpha polymorphisms: An example of nutrigenetics in crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"104","author":"Guerreiro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2010.06.008","article-title":"Fat intake interacts with polymorphisms of caspase9, fasligand and ppargamma apoptotic genes in modulating crohn\u2019s disease activity","volume":"29","author":"Ferreira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Nutr."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.12.034","article-title":"Interactions between the dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio and genetic factors determine susceptibility to pediatric crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"146","author":"Costea","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000001236","article-title":"Genetic polymorphisms in fatty acid metabolism modify the association between dietary n3: N6 intake and risk of ulcerative colitis: a prospective cohort study","volume":"23","author":"Ananthakrishnan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00554","article-title":"Identification and characterization of a novel association between dietary potassium and risk of crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis","volume":"7","author":"Khalili","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000001161","article-title":"Dietary iron and heme iron consumption, genetic susceptibility, and risk of crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis","volume":"23","author":"Khalili","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2022.03.005","article-title":"Correlation between crohn\u2019s disease activity and serum selenium concentration","volume":"44","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Ther."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G71","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00379.2014","article-title":"Selenium and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"309","author":"Kudva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.3390\/nu4091247","article-title":"Selenium, selenoprotein genes and crohn\u2019s disease in a case-control population from auckland, new zealand","volume":"4","author":"Gentschew","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2019.09.034","article-title":"Levels of vitamin d are low after crohn\u2019s disease is established but not before","volume":"18","author":"Limketkai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.13221","article-title":"Association of vitamin d receptor gene polymorphisms and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d levels with crohn\u2019s disease in Chinese patients","volume":"31","author":"Xia","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02062-06","article-title":"Testing the interaction between nod-2 status and serological response to mycobacterium paratuberculosis in cases of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"45","author":"Bernstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-4749-4-6","article-title":"Lactase persistence, nod2 status and mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis infection associations to inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"4","author":"Elguezabal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10890","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-13222-0","article-title":"Environmental variables and genome-environment interactions predicting ibd diagnosis in large uk cohort","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjad200","article-title":"Impact of maternal smoking, offspring smoking, and genetic susceptibility on crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis","volume":"18","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v29.i12.1779","article-title":"Obesity and novel management of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0062","first-page":"2304","article-title":"Body mass index, genetic susceptibility, and risk of complications among individuals with crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"21","author":"Pringle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000978","article-title":"Visceral adiposity, genetic susceptibility, and risk of complications among individuals with crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"23","author":"Van Der Sloot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002180","article-title":"The contribution of genetic risk and lifestyle factors in the development of adult-onset inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective cohort study","volume":"118","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17285","article-title":"Sleep duration and daytime napping in relation to incident inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective cohort study","volume":"57","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2024.03.002","article-title":"Many roads to a gene-environment interaction","volume":"111","author":"Westerman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr218","article-title":"Recommendations for presenting analyses of effect modification and interaction","volume":"41","author":"Knol","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5110","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI120453","article-title":"Interaction between smoking and atg16l1t300a triggers paneth cell defects in crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"128","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay3164","article-title":"The exposome and health: Where chemistry meets biology","volume":"367","author":"Vermeulen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adq0336","article-title":"Neurotoxic mixture effects of chemicals extracted from blood of pregnant women","volume":"386","author":"Braun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-024-01776-w","article-title":"Genotype \u00d7 environment interactions in gene regulation and complex traits","volume":"56","author":"Boye","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Genet."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2548","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10461-0","article-title":"Integrated analysis of environmental and genetic influences on cord blood DNA methylation in new-borns","volume":"10","author":"Czamara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001649","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGENETICS.116.001649","article-title":"Multiancestry study of gene-lifestyle interactions for cardiovascular traits in 610 475 individuals from 124 cohorts: Design and rationale","volume":"10","author":"Rao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Genet."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-014-0098-y","article-title":"The epic-interact study: a study of the interplay between genetic and lifestyle behavioral factors on the risk of type 2 diabetes in european populations","volume":"3","author":"Forouhi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Nutr Rep."},{"key":"2025063009414158400_CIT0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-020-01831-x","article-title":"The european network of national schizophrenia networks studying gene-environment interactions (eu-gei): Incidence and first-episode case-control programme","volume":"55","author":"Gayer-Anderson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Crohn's and Colitis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ecco-jcc\/article-pdf\/19\/6\/jjaf061\/63431915\/jjaf061.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ecco-jcc\/article-pdf\/19\/6\/jjaf061\/63431915\/jjaf061.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T09:41:58Z","timestamp":1751276518000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ecco-jcc\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaf061\/8156529"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaf061","relation":{},"ISSN":["1873-9946","1876-4479"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1873-9946","type":"print"},{"value":"1876-4479","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"article-number":"jjaf061"}}