{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T18:11:15Z","timestamp":1792606275672,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly being applied in various fields of medicine, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). This systematic review, conducted as part of the ECCO 9th Scientific Workshop on AI in IBD, explores AI applications in multiomics precision medicine, large language models (LLMs) for textual tasks, and utilization of wearable and remote care technologies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A comprehensive systematic analysis of the literature was undertaken, emphasizing three topics: multiomics predictive models in IBD; natural language processing (NLP) and LLMs for clinical practice, research and patient communication; and the role of remote monitoring and wearable devices.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Key areas of promise include the implementation of NLP and LLMs for case identification and differentiation, tracking disease activity, pharmacovigilance, quality assurance, and patient support. Multiomic approaches, integrating genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and metagenomics, show potential for developing more accurate diagnostic and risk prediction models and improving treatment response prediction and detection of actionable drug targets for future therapeutics. Wearables and remote monitoring technologies can transform IBD management from episodic assessments to continuous, less biased tracking of patient-reported outcomes and physiological biomarkers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While AI and multiomics approaches hold substantial promise for advancing IBD management and research, further refinement is necessary to ensure content validity and address safety concerns, thereby allowing integration of AI into clinical workflows and safeguarding of data privacy. Future research should prioritize the integration of diverse omic data, conduct of longitudinal studies, and validation in large and diverse cohorts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaf134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T11:55:44Z","timestamp":1753271744000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Results of the Ninth Scientific Workshop of the European Crohn\u2019s and Colitis Organisation (ECCO): Artificial Intelligence in medical management and precision medicine"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7156-0588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uri","family":"Kopylov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan,","place":["Israel"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3898-7093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bram","family":"Verstockt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, KU Leuven , Leuven,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9087-6609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Urko M","family":"Marigorta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Genomics Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Basque Country, and Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao, 48013, Bizkaia,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3482-0109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Noviello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan , Milan,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4027-7365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Bossuyt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Imelda General Hospital , Bonheiden,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aart","family":"Mookhoek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tissue Medicine and Pathology, University of Bern , Bern,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7750-5064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pieter","family":"Sinonquel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, KU Leuven , Leuven,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0070-8362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alaa","family":"El-Hussuna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OpenSourceResearch organisation , Aalborg,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Department of surgery , Helse Fona, Haugesund,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3885-5752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kapil","family":"Sahnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St Marks Hospital , London,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2146-507X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel C","family":"Baumgart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3426-6408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nurulamin M","family":"Noor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Cambridge,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7204-1739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariangela","family":"Allocca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, IRCCS Hospital San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele , Milan,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7979-6803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan,","place":["Israel"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arzu","family":"Ensari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Ankara University , Ankara,","place":["Turkey"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3142-9550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marietta","family":"Iacucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"APC Microbiome Ireland, College of Medicine and Health, University College of Cork , Cork,","place":["Ireland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8322-6421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Pellino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorectal Surgery, Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona UAB , Barcelona,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi della Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli,\u201d Naples,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4554-8198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Soriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, A.O.R.N. \u2018Sant\u2019Anna e S. Sebastiano\u2019 Hospital - affiliated to University of Campania \u2018Luigi Vanvitelli\u2019 , Caserta,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"de Laffolie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department General Paediatrics and Neonatology, University Giessen , Giessen,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0217-6603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Daperno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, AO Ordine Mauriziano , Turin,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5855-9873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim","family":"Raine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Cambridge,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0857-7683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabelle","family":"Cleynen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven , Leuven,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3670-6545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaji","family":"Sebastian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBD Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust , Hull,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Hull York Medical School , Hull,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjab051","article-title":"Results of the Seventh Scientific Workshop of ECCO: Precision medicine in IBD\u2014what, why, and how","volume":"15","author":"Fiocchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjab050","article-title":"Results of the Seventh Scientific Workshop of ECCO: Precision medicine in IBD\u2014disease outcome and response to therapy","volume":"15","author":"Verstockt","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366192","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1366192","article-title":"An integrative multi-omic analysis defines gut microbiota, mycobiota, and metabolic fingerprints in ulcerative colitis patients","volume":"14","author":"Scanu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42788-0","article-title":"Microbiome and metabolome features in inflammatory bowel disease via multi-omics integration analyses across cohorts","volume":"14","author":"Ning","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-021-01050-3","article-title":"Multi-omics analyses of the ulcerative colitis gut microbiome link Bacteroides vulgatus proteases with disease severity","volume":"7","author":"Mills","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-021-04016-8","article-title":"CANTARE: finding and visualizing network-based multi-omic predictive models","volume":"22","author":"Siebert","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5108","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25105108","article-title":"Multi-omics characterization of colon mucosa and submucosa\/wall from Crohn\u2019s disease patients","volume":"25","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(21)00065-0","article-title":"Breaking the therapeutic ceiling in drug development in ulcerative colitis","volume":"6","author":"Alsoud","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2310894","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2310894","article-title":"Integrated multi-omics reveal gut microbiota-mediated bile acid metabolism alteration regulating immunotherapy responses to anti-alpha4beta7-integrin in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"16","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5449","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84909-z","article-title":"Omics data integration identifies ELOVL7 and MMD gene regions as novel loci for adalimumab response in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Gorenjak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8124","DOI":"10.15252\/msb.20178124","article-title":"Multi-omics factor analysis\u2014a framework for unsupervised integration of multi-omics data sets","volume":"14","author":"Argelaguet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Syst Biol"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W527","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac376","article-title":"OmicsNet 2.0: a web-based platform for multi-omics integration and network visual analytics","volume":"50","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5647","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25805-y","article-title":"Differentially expressed genes reflect disease-induced rather than disease-causing changes in the transcriptome","volume":"12","author":"Porcu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D1467","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae1128","article-title":"Open Targets Platform: facilitating therapeutic hypotheses building in drug discovery","volume":"53","author":"Buniello","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4246","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24470-5","article-title":"Artificial intelligence guided discovery of a barrier-protective therapy in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"12","author":"Sahoo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B16","article-title":"Proteome-wide Mendelian randomization in global biobank meta-analysis reveals multi-ancestry drug targets for common diseases","volume":"2","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Genom"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1237-9","article-title":"Multi-omics of the gut microbial ecosystem in inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"569","author":"Lloyd-Price","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1236-x","article-title":"Longitudinal multi-omics of host\u2013microbe dynamics in prediabetes","volume":"569","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2743","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38389-6","article-title":"Cross-disorder genetic analysis of immune diseases reveals distinct gene associations that converge on common pathways","volume":"14","author":"Demela","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-023-02257-6","article-title":"Building a trustworthy AI differential diagnosis application for Crohn\u2019s disease and intestinal tuberculosis","volume":"23","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-020-01277-w","article-title":"Can natural language processing help differentiate inflammatory intestinal diseases in China? Models applying random forest and convolutional neural network approaches","volume":"20","author":"Tong","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2023.107790","article-title":"MICDnet: multimodal information processing networks for Crohn\u2019s disease diagnosis","volume":"168","author":"Jia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X221103508","article-title":"Computable phenotype of a Crohn\u2019s disease natural history model","volume":"42","author":"Kurowski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Decis Making"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izy127","article-title":"The association between arthralgia and vedolizumab using natural language processing","volume":"24","author":"Cai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000002317","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and prognostic factors for Crohn\u2019s disease relapses using natural language processing and machine learning: a pilot study","volume":"34","author":"Gomoll\u00f3n","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izae068","article-title":"Accurate, robust, and scalable machine abstraction of mayo endoscopic subscores from colonoscopy reports","volume":"31","author":"Silverman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B27","first-page":"a25420943","article-title":"Enhancing diagnostics: ChatGPT-4 performance in ulcerative colitis endoscopic assessment","volume":"13","author":"Levartovsky","year":"2025","journal-title":"Endosc Int Open"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B28","first-page":"1314","article-title":"A systematic temporal extraction pipeline for medical concepts in clinical notes","volume":"2023","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"AMIA Annu Symp Proc"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izac109","article-title":"Identifying the presence, activity, and status of extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease using natural language processing of clinical notes","volume":"29","author":"Stidham","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002483","article-title":"Towards AI-augmented clinical decision-making: An examination of ChatGPT\u2019s utility in acute ulcerative colitis presentations","volume":"118","author":"Levartovsky","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12757","article-title":"Inter-rater disagreements in applying the Montreal classification for Crohn\u2019s disease: The Five-Nations Survey Study","volume":"13","author":"Ukashi","year":"2025","journal-title":"United Eur Gastroenterol J"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.3226","article-title":"Algorithmic identification of treatment-emergent adverse events from clinical notes using large language models: a pilot study in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"115","author":"Silverman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i75","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjad212.0043","article-title":"DOP03 Gaps between ECCO quality standards of care and the real world: the E-QUALITY survey on processes and outcomes","volume":"18(Supplement_1)","author":"Walsh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2023.11.008","article-title":"Accuracy of ChatGPT in common gastrointestinal diseases: impact for patients and providers","volume":"22","author":"Kerbage","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2289-5732","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of a language model and human specialists in the application of European guidelines for the management of inflammatory bowel diseases and malignancies","volume":"56","author":"Ghersin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjae040","article-title":"Accuracy of information given by ChatGPT for patients with inflammatory bowel disease in relation to ECCO Guidelines","volume":"18","author":"Sciberras","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B37","first-page":"e46736","article-title":"Reliability and usefulness of ChatGPT for inflammatory bowel diseases: an analysis for patients and healthcare professionals","volume":"15","author":"Cankurtaran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70006","DOI":"10.1002\/oto2.70006","article-title":"Development of an automated triage system for longstanding dizzy patients using artificial intelligence","volume":"8","author":"Romero-Brufau","year":"2024","journal-title":"OTO Open"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1177\/21925682231164935","article-title":"Can a novel natural language processing model and artificial intelligence automatically generate billing codes from spine surgical operative notes?","volume":"14","author":"Zaidat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Global Spine J"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B40","first-page":"36","article-title":"Application of natural language processing to VA electronic health records to identify phenotypic characteristics for clinical and research purposes","volume":"2008","author":"Gundlapalli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Summit Transl Bioinform"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0b013e31828133fd","article-title":"Improving case definition of Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis in electronic medical records using natural language processing: a novel informatics approach","volume":"19","author":"Ananthakrishnan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30345","DOI":"10.2196\/30345","article-title":"Evaluation of natural language processing for the identification of Crohn disease-related variables in Spanish electronic health records: a validation study for the PREMONITION-CD project","volume":"10","author":"Montoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR Med Inform"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.48101\/ujms.v127.8260","article-title":"Automated data extraction of electronic medical records: Validity of data mining to construct research databases for eligibility in gastroenterological clinical trials","volume":"127","author":"Joseph","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ups J Med Sci"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2021.09.005","article-title":"Web-based and machine learning approaches for identification of patient-reported outcomes in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"54","author":"Ricci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izad247","article-title":"An insight into patients\u2019 perspectives of ulcerative colitis flares via analysis of online public forum posts","volume":"30","author":"Rubin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B46","article-title":"Evaluating the utility of a large language model in answering common patients\u2019 gastrointestinal health-related questions: Are we there yet?","volume":"13","author":"Lahat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392555","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1392555","article-title":"GastroBot: a Chinese gastrointestinal disease chatbot based on the retrieval-augmented generation","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07421-0","article-title":"Detecting hallucinations in large language models using semantic entropy","volume":"630","author":"Farquhar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2405999","article-title":"Large language models and the degradation of the medical record","volume":"391","author":"McCoy","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocae022","article-title":"The impact of nuance DAX ambient listening AI documentation: a cohort study","volume":"31","author":"Haberle","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11317","DOI":"10.2196\/11317","article-title":"Living with inflammatory bowel disease: Protocol for a longitudinal study of factors associated with symptom exacerbations","volume":"7","author":"Witges","year":"2018","journal-title":"JMIR Res Protoc"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.12.004","article-title":"Subclinical persistent inflammation as risk factor for Crohn\u2019s disease progression: findings from a prospective real-world study of 2 years","volume":"20","author":"Magro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2779","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32641-7","article-title":"Effect of tight control management on Crohn\u2019s disease (CALM): a multicentre, randomised, controlled phase 3 trial","volume":"390","author":"Colombel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(21)00474-X","article-title":"Treat to target versus standard of care for patients with Crohn\u2019s disease treated with ustekinumab (STARDUST): an open-label, multicentre, randomised phase 3b trial","volume":"7","author":"Danese","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s11938-016-0077-z","article-title":"Treat to target in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"14","author":"Bossuyt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318256","article-title":"Tight control for Crohn\u2019s disease with adalimumab-based treatment is cost-effective: an economic assessment of the CALM trial","volume":"69","author":"Panaccione","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.12.031","article-title":"STRIDE-II: an update on the Selecting Therapeutic Targets in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (STRIDE) Initiative of the International Organization for the Study of IBD (IOIBD): determining therapeutic goals for treat-to-target strategies in IBD","volume":"160","author":"Turner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izz252","article-title":"A noninferiority randomized clinical trial of the use of the smartphone-based health applications IBDsmart and IBDoc in the care of inflammatory bowel disease patients","volume":"26","author":"McCombie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"otad068","DOI":"10.1093\/crocol\/otad068","article-title":"Acceptability criteria of precision medicine: Lessons from patients\u2019 experiences with the GUIDE-IBD trial regarding the use of mobile health technology","volume":"5","author":"Erdmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crohns Colitis 360"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-023-02087-0","article-title":"Implementing electronic patient reported outcomes in inflammatory bowel disease: patient participation, score reliability and validity","volume":"21","author":"Deutscher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i1047","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjac190.1072","article-title":"Low compliance with remote monitoring of patient-reported outcomes via digital application in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"17","author":"Haj Natour","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-312307","article-title":"Discrepancies between patient-reported outcomes, and endoscopic and histological appearance in UC","volume":"66","author":"Colombel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-020-06493-y","article-title":"Wearable devices are well accepted by patients in the study and management of inflammatory bowel disease: A survey study","volume":"66","author":"Hirten","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e56972","DOI":"10.2196\/56972","article-title":"Real-world accuracy of wearable activity trackers for detecting medical conditions: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth."},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S404","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjy222.703","article-title":"P579 Wearable devices can predict disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease Patients","volume":"13","author":"Sossenheimer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34384","DOI":"10.2196\/34384","article-title":"The impact of wearable technologies in health research: Scoping review","volume":"10","author":"Huhn","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2024.114384","article-title":"Revolutionizing human healthcare with wearable sensors for monitoring human strain","volume":"246","author":"Malode","year":"2025","journal-title":"Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30089-5","article-title":"The influence of the brain-gut axis in inflammatory bowel disease and possible implications for treatment","volume":"4","author":"Gracie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izaa323","article-title":"Longitudinal autonomic nervous system measures correlate with stress and ulcerative colitis disease activity and predict flare","volume":"27","author":"Hirten","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-024-01390-1","article-title":"Evaluation of walking activity and gait to identify physical and mental fatigue in neurodegenerative and immune disorders: preliminary insights from the IDEA-FAST feasibility study","volume":"21","author":"Hinchliffe","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00094","DOI":"10.14309\/ctg.0000000000000094","article-title":"Quality of life is associated with wearable-based physical activity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective, observational study","volume":"10","author":"Wiestler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Transl Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S-62","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(23)01107-1","article-title":"Assessment of a passive monitoring device to track flares in individuals with Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"164","author":"Korzenik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S-32","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(24)00566-3","article-title":"Photoplethysmography waveform analysis detects inflammatory status in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"166","author":"Chowers","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10220","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10220","article-title":"Temporal profiling of cytokines in passively expressed sweat for detection of infection using wearable device","volume":"6","author":"Jagannath","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioeng Transl Med"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2833","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-53522-1","article-title":"Longitudinal assessment of sweat-based TNF-alpha in inflammatory bowel disease using a wearable device","volume":"14","author":"Hirten","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izaa191","article-title":"A sweat-based wearable enabling technology for real-time monitoring of IL-1\u03b2 and CRP as potential markers for inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"26","author":"Jagannath","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izae054","article-title":"Continuous monitoring of CRP, IL-6, and calprotectin in inflammatory bowel disease using a perspiration-based wearable device","volume":"31","author":"Shahub","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B78","article-title":"Longitudinal monitoring of IL-6 and CRP in inflammatory bowel disease using IBD-AWARE","volume":"16","author":"Hirten","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biosens Bioelectron X"},{"key":"2026041221205775200_jjaf134-B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06369-x","article-title":"Sub-1.4 cm(3) capsule for detecting labile inflammatory biomarkers in situ","volume":"620","author":"Inda-Webb","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Journal of Crohn's and Colitis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ecco-jcc\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaf134\/64025564\/jjaf134.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ecco-jcc\/article-pdf\/20\/4\/jjaf134\/64025564\/jjaf134.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ecco-jcc\/article-pdf\/20\/4\/jjaf134\/64025564\/jjaf134.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T01:21:12Z","timestamp":1776043272000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ecco-jcc\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaf134\/8232299"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaf134","relation":{},"ISSN":["1873-9946","1876-4479"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1873-9946","type":"print"},{"value":"1876-4479","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"article-number":"jjaf134"}}