{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T11:43:32Z","timestamp":1790423012051,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"IOIBD"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background &amp; Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Central reading of endoscopy and histopathology is the current standard for disease activity assessment in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) clinical trials but is limited by interreader and intrareader variability, operational delays, and cost. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) offer the potential to improve accuracy, efficiency, and reproducibility. The International Organization for the Study of IBD (IOIBD) developed consensus statements on AI\/ML use for endoscopic and histologic endpoint assessment in IBD trials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As part of the IOIBD endpoints cluster initiative, a narrative, evidence-informed review with literature searches of Medline and Embase (January 2018-February 2025) identified studies applying AI\/ML to endoscopy or histology in IBD. Relevant evidence informed 36 survey statements formulated by a steering committee. Seventy-two IOIBD members were invited to vote online; consensus required\u2009\u226580% agreement (score: 7-10 on a 10-point scale).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty-five members completed the survey. Consensus was reached for 28 statements related to endoscopy, pathology, and trial design. Experts agreed that AI-based central reading could improve diagnostic accuracy, expedite processes, reduce costs, and enhance reproducibility. Combining human and AI assessments was favored over AI replacement. The key limitations identified included insufficient validation, generalizability concerns, and dependence on human-annotated training datasets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This IOIBD consensus supports the integration of AI\/ML into central reading for IBD clinical trials to improve objectivity, efficiency, and consistency, while maintaining human oversight. Further research should address validation, regulatory frameworks, and multimodal integration to enable broader adoption in both trials and clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjag007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T12:35:27Z","timestamp":1768739727000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["IOlBD evidence-based consensus on the use of artificial intelligence for assessment of endoscopic and histologic endpoints in clinical trials of inflammatory bowel disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9724-054X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Axel","family":"Dignass","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine I, Agaplesion Markus Hospital, Goethe University , Frankfurt\/Main,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1536-8436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neeraj","family":"Narula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology) and Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University , Hamilton, ON,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krishan","family":"Pratap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology) , Hamilton, ON,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7341-1351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvio","family":"Danese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy, and Vita-Salute, San Raffaele University , Milan,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iris","family":"Dotan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center , Petah Tikva,","place":["Israel"]},{"name":"Gray Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3142-9550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marietta","family":"Iacucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"APC Microbiome Ireland, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork , Cork,","place":["Ireland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vipul","family":"Jairath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Western University , London, ON,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7199-6851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward V","family":"Loftus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science , Rochester, MN,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Magro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE Departament, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto , Porto,","place":["Portugal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5302-5450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerassimos","family":"Mantzaris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, \u2018White Cross\u2019 Hospitals , Athens,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2536-6618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurent","family":"Peyrin-Biroulet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Inserm NGERE U1256, University Hospital of Nancy, University of Lorraine , Vandoeuvre-l\u00e8s-Nancy,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5647-1723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David T","family":"Rubin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chicago Medicine Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center , Chicago, IL,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce E","family":"Sands","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr Henry D. 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