{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T03:47:54Z","timestamp":1791604074287,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,4]],"date-time":"2020-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This paper provides an orthogonal extension of the semiparametric difference-in-differences estimator proposed in earlier literature. The proposed estimator enjoys the so-called Neyman orthogonality (Chernozhukov et\u00a0al., 2018), and thus it allows researchers to flexibly use a rich set of machine learning methods in the first-step estimation. It is particularly useful when researchers confront a high-dimensional data set in which the number of potential control variables is larger than the sample size and the conventional nonparametric estimation methods, such as kernel and sieve estimators, do not apply. I apply this orthogonal difference-in-differences estimator to evaluate the effect of tariff reduction on corruption. The empirical results show that tariff reduction decreases corruption in large magnitude.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ectj\/utaa001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,4]],"date-time":"2020-02-04T06:53:19Z","timestamp":1580799199000},"page":"177-191","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Double\/debiased machine learning for difference-in-differences models"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Neng-Chieh","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, University of California Los Angeles, 315 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021051409485873900_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/0034-6527.00321","article-title":"Semiparametric difference-in-differences estimators","volume":"72","author":"Abadie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Review of Economic Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021051409485873900_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20160133","article-title":"How does household income affect child personality traits and behaviors?","volume":"108","author":"Akee","year":"2018","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"2021051409485873900_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2727(72)90010-2","article-title":"Income tax evasion: a theoretical analysis","volume":"1","author":"Allingham","year":"1972","journal-title":"Journal of Public Economics"},{"key":"2021051409485873900_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA9626","article-title":"Sparse models and methods for optimal instruments with an application to eminent domain","volume":"80","author":"Belloni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"2021051409485873900_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA12723","article-title":"Program evaluation and causal inference with high-dimensional data","volume":"85","author":"Belloni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"2021051409485873900_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdt044","article-title":"Inference on treatment effects after selection among high-dimensional controls","volume":"81","author":"Belloni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Review of Economic Studies"},{"key":"2021051409485873900_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1177\/001979399004300205","article-title":"The impact of the Mariel Boatlift on the Miami labor market","volume":"43","author":"Card","year":"1990","journal-title":"ILR Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021051409485873900_bib8","first-page":"772","article-title":"Minimum wages and employment: a case study of the fast-food industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania","volume":"84","author":"Card","year":"1994","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"2021051409485873900_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1","DOI":"10.1111\/ectj.12097","article-title":"Double\/debiased machine learning for treatment and structural parameters","volume":"21","author":"Chernozhukov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Econometrics Journal"},{"key":"2021051409485873900_bib10","article-title":"Locally robust semiparametric estimation","author":"Chernozhukov","year":"2019"},{"key":"2021051409485873900_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-economics-012315-015826","article-title":"Valid post-selection and post-regularization inference: an elementary, general approach","volume":"7","author":"Chernozhukov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annual Review of Economics"},{"key":"2021051409485873900_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.2307\/1924181","article-title":"Tax evasion and tax rates: an analysis of individual returns","volume":"65","author":"Clotfelter","year":"1983","journal-title":"Review of Economics and Statistics"},{"key":"2021051409485873900_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.2307\/2601005","article-title":"An econometric analysis of income tax evasion and its detection","volume":"22","author":"Feinstein","year":"1991","journal-title":"RAND Journal of Economics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021051409485873900_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20130570","article-title":"Do higher corporate taxes reduce wages? 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