{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T15:56:06Z","timestamp":1783353366232,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["92046005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["92046005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Time-varying transition probability (TVTP) regime-switching models extend the constant regime transition probability in Markov-switching models to include information from observations. We show consistency and asymptotic normality of the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) in general TVTP regime-switching models where the conditional distribution of $Y_t$ depends on lagged regimes. Consistency of the MLE is also shown under misspecification. The assumptions are verified in regime-switching autoregressive models with widely applied TVTP specifications. A simulation study examines the finite-sample distributions of the MLE and compares the asymptotic variance estimates constructed from the Hessian matrix and the outer product of the score. The simulation results favour the latter. As an empirical example, we compare three leading economic indicators in terms of describing U.S. industrial production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ectj\/utac022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]],"date-time":"2022-08-19T06:38:06Z","timestamp":1660891086000},"page":"67-87","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Asymptotic properties of the maximum likelihood estimator in regime-switching models with time-varying transition probabilities"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Chaojun","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Statistics and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Faculty of Economics and Management, East China Normal University , 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Boston University , 270 Bay State Road, Boston, MA 02215 , 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