{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T13:08:41Z","timestamp":1789564121958,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001774","name":"University of Sydney","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Australia and New Zealand Econometrics Study Group","award":["ANZESG2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANZESG2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001779","name":"Monash University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001779","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008476","name":"University of California Irvine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008476","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We generalize the synthetic control (SC) method to a multiple-outcomes framework in which the conventional pretreatment time dimension is supplemented with the extra dimension of related outcomes in computing the SC weights. This generalization reduces the risk of overfitting and improves the reliability of the SC method, particularly when the number of pretreatment periods is small. To illustrate our method, we provide a new perspective on the classic SC application to German reunification in 1990.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ectj\/utag005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T12:47:16Z","timestamp":1773924436000},"page":"343-359","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Synthetic controls with multiple outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics, University of New South Wales , Level 4 Business School Building UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seojeong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul National University Department of Economics, , 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 ,","place":["South Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentyn","family":"Panchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics, University of New South Wales , Level 4 Business School Building UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026091608413475200_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.20191450","article-title":"Using synthetic controls: Feasibility, data requirements, and methodological aspects","volume":"59","author":"Abadie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Literature"},{"key":"2026091608413475200_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1198\/jasa.2009.ap08746","article-title":"Synthetic control methods for comparative case studies: Estimating the effect of California\u2019s tobacco control program","volume":"105","author":"Abadie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"2026091608413475200_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/ajps.12116","article-title":"Comparative politics and the synthetic control method","volume":"59","author":"Abadie","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Journal of Political Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091608413475200_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1257\/000282803321455188","article-title":"The economic costs of conflict: A case study of the Basque Country","volume":"93","author":"Abadie","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"2026091608413475200_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2020.07.001","article-title":"The economic consequences of durable left-populist regimes in Latin America","volume":"177","author":"Absher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization"},{"key":"2026091608413475200_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2021.105699","article-title":"Oil extraction and spillover effects into local labour market: Evidence from Ghana","volume":"106","author":"Ampofo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Economics"},{"key":"2026091608413475200_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1","DOI":"10.1093\/ectj\/utae014","article-title":"Causal models for longitudinal and panel data: a survey","volume":"27","author":"Arkhangelsky","year":"2024","journal-title":"The Econometrics Journal"},{"key":"2026091608413475200_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2021.1929245","article-title":"The augmented synthetic control method","volume":"116","author":"Ben-Michael","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"2026091608413475200_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00324","article-title":"Assessing economic liberalization episodes: A synthetic control approach","volume":"95","author":"Billmeier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Review of Economics and Statistics"},{"key":"2026091608413475200_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1093\/ectj\/utz001","article-title":"On the role of covariates in the synthetic control method","volume":"22","author":"Botosaru","year":"2019","journal-title":"Econometrics Journal"},{"key":"2026091608413475200_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1162\/rest_a_01588","article-title":"Uncertainty quantification in synthetic controls with staggered treatment adoption","author":"Cattaneo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Review of Economics and Statistics"},{"key":"2026091608413475200_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2021.1979561","article-title":"Prediction intervals for synthetic control methods","volume":"116","author":"Cattaneo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"2026091608413475200_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00413","article-title":"Catastrophic natural disasters and economic growth","volume":"95","author":"Cavallo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Review of Economics and Statistics"},{"key":"2026091608413475200_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2018.07.003","article-title":"Joint culpability: The effects of medical marijuana laws on crime","volume":"159","author":"Chu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization"},{"key":"2026091608413475200_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2021.1965613","article-title":"On the properties of the synthetic control estimator with many periods and many controls","volume":"116","author":"Ferman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"2026091608413475200_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1002\/jae.2557","article-title":"An empirical comparison between the synthetic control method and Hsiao et al.\u2019s panel data approach to program evaluation","volume":"32","author":"Gardeazabal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Econometrics"},{"key":"2026091608413475200_bib17","article-title":"Synthesizing cash for clunkers: Stabilizing the car market, hurting the environment?","author":"Kl\u00f6\u00dfner","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026091608413475200_bib18","article-title":"Data explorer","author":"OECD","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026091608413475200_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest_a_01592","article-title":"Using multiple outcomes to improve the synthetic control method","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Review of Economics and Statistics"}],"container-title":["The Econometrics Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ectj\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ectj\/utag005\/67434114\/utag005.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ectj\/article-pdf\/29\/3\/343\/67434114\/utag005.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ectj\/article-pdf\/29\/3\/343\/67434114\/utag005.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T12:41:40Z","timestamp":1789562500000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ectj\/article\/29\/3\/343\/8530546"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ectj\/utag005","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-4221","1368-423X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-4221","type":"print"},{"value":"1368-423X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]}}}