{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T09:38:26Z","timestamp":1766050706356,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":175,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,5]],"date-time":"2024-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The impact of the programmatic use of larvicides for mosquito control on native stingless bees (e.g., Apidae, Meliponini) is a growing concern in Australia due to heightened conservation awareness and the growth of hobbyist stingless bee keeping. In Australia, the two most widely used mosquito larvicides are the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) and the insect hormone mimic methoprene (as S-methoprene). Each has a unique mode of action that could present a risk to stingless bees and other pollinators. Herein, we review the potential impacts of these larvicides on native Australian bees and conclude that their influence is mitigated by their low recommended field rates, poor environmental persistence, and the seasonal and intermittent nature of mosquito control applications. Moreover, evidence suggests that stingless bees may display a high physiological tolerance to Bti similar to that observed in honey bees (Apis mellifera), whose interactions with B. thuringiensis-based biopesticides are widely reported. In summary, neither Bti or methoprene is likely to pose a significant risk to the health of stingless bees or their nests. However, current knowledge is limited by regulatory testing requirements that only require the use of honey bees as toxicological models. To bridge this gap, we suggest that regulatory testing is expanded to include stingless bees and other nontarget insects. This is imperative for improving our understanding of the potential risks that these and other pesticides may pose to native pollinator conservation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/nvae080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T13:48:15Z","timestamp":1728308895000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A review of the potential impacts of coastal mosquito control programs on Australian Stingless Bees (Apidae, Meliponini)\u2014likely exposure pathways and lessons learned from studies on honey bees"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0545-4912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian J","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Herston, QLD ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James P","family":"Hereward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of the Environment, The University of Queensland , St Lucia, QLD ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2567-3151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachele","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University , Nathan, QLD ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael J","family":"Furlong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of the Environment, The University of Queensland , St Lucia, QLD ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6312-0390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregor J","family":"Devine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Herston, QLD ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2024100713480028500_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1080\/0005772X.2012.11417501","article-title":"Notes on water collection by honey bees","volume":"89","author":"Abou-Shaara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bee World"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024100713480028500_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/s13592-014-0288-z","article-title":"In vitro susceptibility of Varroa destructor and Apis mellifera to native strains of Bacillus thuringiensis","volume":"45","author":"Alquisira-Ram\u00edrez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"issue":"12","key":"2024100713480028500_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e83125","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083125","article-title":"Microbial ecology of the hive and pollination landscape: bacterial associates from floral nectar, the alimentary tract and stored food of honey bees (Apis mellifera)","volume":"8","author":"Anderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"article-title":"Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority: roadmap for insect pollinator risk assessment in Australia","year":"2015","author":"APVMA","key":"2024100713480028500_CIT0004"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024100713480028500_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-014-1190-1","article-title":"A meta-analysis comparing the sensitivity of bees to pesticides","volume":"23","author":"Arena","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024100713480028500_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13770","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50255-4","article-title":"Chronic oral exposure to field-realistic pesticide combinations via pollen and nectar: effects on feeding and thermal performance in a solitary bee","volume":"9","author":"Azpiazu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. 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