{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T18:52:16Z","timestamp":1782499936472,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","funder":[{"name":"USDA-NIFA","award":["CPPM #2105-70006-24152"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CPPM #2105-70006-24152"]}]},{"name":"Northeastern SARE","award":["#LN16-350"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#LN16-350"]}]},{"name":"USDA-NIFA OREI","award":["2015-51300-24154"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015-51300-24154"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), spotted-wing drosophila is an extremely destructive, invasive global pest of small fruit production. Frequent insecticide applications are the most commonly used management tool against this pest, as females deposit eggs in ripening fruit leading to larval infestation at harvest. However, other strategies aimed at reducing D. suzukii infestation continue to be explored to reduce reliance on insecticides and increase ecological sustainability. One such strategy is deployment of attracticidal spheres; these are visually attractive red spheres that provide a continuous release of a fresh toxicant and feeding stimulant mixture on their surface. However, optimal deployment strategies for spheres within small fruit plantings have not been developed to maximize their impact against foraging D. suzukii adults. Here, we evaluated deployment height of spheres within the canopies of small fruit plants (blueberry, raspberry and blackberry) in conventional production systems in 3 states, and whole plot (grid) and perimeter sphere deployment layouts in both conventional and organic blueberry production systems in 6 states. In separate studies, we also evaluated the potential for nontarget impacts on biological control agents and pollinators. While we observed reduced infestation, based on sphere deployment in some trials, results were not consistent likely due to differences in production practices and D. suzukii relative densities. We also did not observe negative impacts on natural enemies or pollinators. Ultimately, for attracticidal spheres to be of value to small fruit growers, more information regarding management practices that enhance or limit their efficacy must be conducted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/nvag047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T11:39:47Z","timestamp":1778067587000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of deployment strategies for attracticidal spheres for management of the invasive\n                    <i>Drosophila suzukii<\/i>\n                    (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in conventional and organic small fruit production systems"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6299-4384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tracy C","family":"Leskey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA-ARS, Appalachian Fruit Research Station , Kearneysville, WV,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1186-8510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harit K","family":"Bal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bayer CropScience LP, Regulatory Science , Chesterfield, MO,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G Lee","family":"Carper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA-ARS, Appalachian Fruit Research Station , Kearneysville, WV,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John P","family":"Cullum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA-ARS, Appalachian Fruit Research Station , Kearneysville, WV,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1013-251X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna E","family":"Elsensohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA-ARS, Appalachian Fruit Research Station , Kearneysville, WV,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4726-7776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Grieshop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grimm Center for Organic Production and Research, Cal Poly San Luis Obispo , San Luis Obispo, CA,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8148-2598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johnattan","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Cumplido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PE Marucci Center, Rutgers University , Chatsworth, NJ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Hott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA-ARS, Appalachian Fruit Research Station , Kearneysville, WV,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6482-0065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jana C","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Horticultural Crops Disease and Pest Management Research Unit, USDA-ARS , Corvallis, OR,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8384-1360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne L","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Rutgers University , Bridgeton, NJ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4541-3920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura J","family":"Nixon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA-ARS, Appalachian Fruit Research Station , Kearneysville, WV,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"CMREC, University of MD Extension , Ellicott City, MD,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3786-5812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin B","family":"Rice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AHS-AREC, Virginia Tech , Winchester, VA,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5888-1769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cesar","family":"Rodriguez-Saona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PE Marucci Center, Rutgers University , Chatsworth, NJ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig R","family":"Roubos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, University of Georgia , Athens, GA,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Rugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA-ARS, Appalachian Fruit Research Station , Kearneysville, WV,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brent D","family":"Short","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tr\u00e9c\u00e9, Inc , Adair, OK,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5471-1818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ash","family":"Sial","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, University of Georgia , Athens, GA,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego Bastos","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PE Marucci Center, Rutgers University , Chatsworth, NJ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026062614413360000_nvag047-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1093\/aesa\/saae039","article-title":"Developing an artificial diet for rearing Ganaspis brasiliensis (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) on spotted-wing drosophila","volume":"118","author":"Aly","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. 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Pest Sci"},{"key":"2026062614413360000_nvag047-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e98949","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098949","article-title":"Erythritol, a non-nutritive sugar alcohol sweetener and the main component of Truvia\u00ae, is a palatable ingested insecticide","volume":"9","author":"Baudier","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026062614413360000_nvag047-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.2242","article-title":"Laboratory and field comparisons of insecticides to reduce infestation of Drosophila suzukii in berry crops","volume":"67","author":"Bruck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci"},{"key":"2026062614413360000_nvag047-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/afe.12531","article-title":"The effects of non-crop habitat on spotted wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) abundance in fruit systems: a meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Buck","year":"2023","journal-title":"Agric. For. Entomol"},{"key":"2026062614413360000_nvag047-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2017.04.001","article-title":"Effect of non-nutritive sugars to decrease the survivorship of spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii","volume":"99","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Insect Physiol"},{"key":"2026062614413360000_nvag047-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-018-1000-y","article-title":"Advances in the chemical ecology of the spotted wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) and its applications","volume":"44","author":"Cloonan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol"},{"key":"2026062614413360000_nvag047-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/tou100","article-title":"Sucrose improves insecticide activity against Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae)","volume":"108","author":"Cowles","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2026062614413360000_nvag047-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jafr.2025.102175","article-title":"Detection of spotted wing drosophila hidden infestation in blueberry using hyperspectral imaging and machine learning","volume":"23","author":"Dahiya","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Res"},{"key":"2026062614413360000_nvag047-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/jipm\/pmz006","article-title":"Economic impact of spotted wing drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae) yield loss on Minnesota raspberry farms: a grower survey","volume":"10","author":"DiGiacomo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Integr. Pest Manag"},{"key":"2026062614413360000_nvag047-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2015.12.017","article-title":"Effect of simulated rainfall on the effectiveness of insecticides against spotted wing drosophila in blueberries","volume":"81","author":"Gautam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crop Prot"},{"key":"2026062614413360000_nvag047-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1079\/9781845934842.0253","volume-title":"Speciation, consumers and the market: profit with a conscience","author":"Green","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026062614413360000_nvag047-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/eea.12602","article-title":"Improving monitoring tools for spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii","volume":"164","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Entomol. Exp. 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Pest Manag"},{"key":"2026062614413360000_nvag047-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2951","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toaf122","article-title":"Crop edge sampling and early life stage detection for improved monitoring of spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae), in berry crops","volume":"118","author":"Levenson","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2026062614413360000_nvag047-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1007\/s10340-020-01292-w","article-title":"Timing and order of different insecticide classes drive control of Drosophila suzukii; a modeling approach","volume":"94","author":"Mermer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pest Sci"},{"key":"2026062614413360000_nvag047-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/jen.12961","article-title":"Factors affecting the efficacy of attracticidal spheres for management of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera Drosophilidae)","volume":"146","author":"Nixon","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Entomol"},{"key":"2026062614413360000_nvag047-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toae003","article-title":"Effects of nonnutritive sugar inclusion in laboratory diets and attracticidal spheres on survivorship and mobility of two Dipteran species, Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae)","volume":"117","author":"Nixon","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2026062614413360000_nvag047-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1570-7458.1978.tb02824.x","article-title":"Visual generalist with visual specialist phytophagous insects: host selection behaviour and application to management","volume":"24","author":"Prokopy","year":"1978","journal-title":"Entomol. Exp. Appl"},{"key":"2026062614413360000_nvag047-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/nvw123","article-title":"Behavioral responses of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) to visual stimuli under laboratory, semifield, and field conditions","volume":"45","author":"Rice","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Entomol"},{"key":"2026062614413360000_nvag047-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/tow319","article-title":"Development of an attract-and-kill strategy for Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae): evaluation of attracticidal spheres under laboratory and field conditions","volume":"110","author":"Rice","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2026062614413360000_nvag047-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.3390\/insects12020172","article-title":"Cultural control of Drosophila suzukii in small fruit\u2014current and pending tactics in the U.S","volume":"12","author":"Sch\u00f6neberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"2026062614413360000_nvag047-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1111\/jen.12629","article-title":"Evaluation of organic insecticides for management of spotted-wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) in berry crops","volume":"143","author":"Sial","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Entomol"},{"key":"2026062614413360000_nvag047-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toaa271","article-title":"The presence and accessibility of competitive resources affect trapping efficiency of spotted-wing drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae)","volume":"114","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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Entomol"},{"key":"2026062614413360000_nvag047-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2013.08.003","article-title":"Control of spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii, by specific insecticides and by conventional and organic crop protection programs","volume":"54","author":"Van Timmeren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crop Prot"},{"key":"2026062614413360000_nvag047-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-62692-1_8","volume-title":"Drosophila suzukii management","author":"Wang","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026062614413360000_nvag047-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1603\/EC10104","article-title":"Integration of insecticidal, phagostimulatory, and visual elements of an attract and kill system for apple maggot fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)","volume":"105","author":"Wright","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Econ. 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