{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T15:48:51Z","timestamp":1791906531299,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":217,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007190","name":"Unilever PLC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Epigenetics is a rapidly expanding field in ageing research. This is partly because changes in DNA methylation are excellent indicators of overall tissue ageing. Here, in a cross-sectional observational study, methylation levels were compared in upper-inner (sun-protected) and lower-outer (sun-exposed) arm skin biopsies of young (21\u201330 years, n = 24) and older (45\u201365 years, n = 24) participants of either European or Chinese ancestry. In young sun-protected skin, there were 69 significantly differentially methylated sites (DMSs) between those of Chinese and European ancestry. In a comparison between young and older sun-protected skin (endogenous ageing) there were 3545 pan-ethnic DMSs with a preference for hypermethylation and enrichment at the RNF32, FOXG1, NEFM, and\u00a0ZIC1 gene loci. For photoageing, 2208 pan-ethnic photoageing DMS were identified with a preference for hypomethylation and enrichment at the HOXB1-3, TWIST1, and\u00a0TBX20 gene loci. From the photoageing DMSs, 156 CpG sites were selected that consistently differentiated photo-exposed from protected skin even in the young participants. The mean degree of change for these 156 CpG sites was subsequently measured over 5-months in an interventional study on participants\u2019 lower outer-arm skin (n\u00a0=\u00a042). Participants had regular sun-protection factor (SPF) use on one arm and normal free-living conditions on the contralateral arm. The free-living arm demonstrated greater skin darkening and a significantly larger mean change in methylation compared with the SPF-treated arm. Overall, the results highlight endogenous and photoageing methylation differences in skin and suggest that specific DNA methylation sites can track short-term sun-exposure and its attenuation by SPF use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/eep\/dvag025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T11:54:27Z","timestamp":1786017267000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Epigenetic changes differentiate between endogenous ageing and photoageing in skin and can detect sun-protection factor cream effects in a 5-month interventional study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9720-0654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley","family":"Furtak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unilever R&D , Trumbull, CT 06611 ,","place":["United 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