{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T08:16:59Z","timestamp":1787991419400,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":223,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"NHMRC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Aromatase, an enzyme encoded by the gene CYP19A1, plays central roles in neurodevelopment. In the brain, its function is to convert androgens into neuroestrogens, ensuring balanced hormonal signalling. Both animal experiments and human studies have shown that, in males, disruption of aromatase, either genetically or epigenetically, can increase symptoms of autism. Prenatal exposure to bisphenol A (BPA), a common plastic chemical, can increase levels of DNA methylation\u2014a key epigenetic modification\u2014at the brain-specific CYP19A1 promoter, P1.f, reducing CYP19A1 expression. However, the extent to which other neurodevelopmentally relevant environmental exposures influence P1.f methylation remains unclear. Here, in the Barwon Infant Study (BIS) birth cohort (N\u00a0=\u00a0906), we analysed the association between 25 prenatal exposures (from five classes previously linked to neurodevelopmental outcomes: manufactured chemicals, air pollution, and pharmacological, nutrition and sunlight-related factors) and methylation of the CYP19A1 P1.f promoter using Weighted Quantile Sum (WQS) regression. We found that the WQS mixture index, a weighted combination of the prenatal exposures, was positively associated with higher P1.f methylation (Adjusted Mean Difference (AMD) = 0.71 (95% CI 0.11, 1.32), P = 0.021), indicating reduced brain aromatase activity. Prenatal exposures with the strongest contribution to the mixture effect included bisphenols (including BPA), reduced sunlight, household mould, phthalates, low folate intake, and air pollution. These findings highlight epigenetic modification of the aromatase gene as a biologically plausible, convergent mechanism through which multiple environmental risk factors for autism may exert effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/eep\/dvag027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T11:40:22Z","timestamp":1786448422000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prenatal environmental determinants of aromatase brain-promoter methylation in cord blood: chemical, airborne, pharmacological, and nutritional factors"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Samuel","family":"Tanner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3052 ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Melbourne Bioinformatics, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3052 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Children\u2019s Research Institute, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, and Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3052 ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Minderoo Foundation , Nedlands, WA 6009 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5623-9008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boris","family":"Novakovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, and Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3052 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toby","family":"Mansell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, and Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3052 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Geelong, VIC 3220 ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Barwon Health , Geelong, VIC 3220 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wah Chin","family":"Boon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3052 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chol-Hee","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Bioinformatics, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3052 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Bioinformatics, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3052 ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3052 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