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These clinical entities are the final common pathway for marked deterioration of right or left ventricular function and can occur in multiple clinical presentations including severe ADHF, myocardial infarction, post-cardiac surgery, severe pulmonary hypertension, and advanced or end-stage chronic heart failure. Inotropic therapies improve ventricular systolic function and may be divided into three classes on the basis of their mechanism of action (calcitropes, mitotropes, and myotropes). Most currently available therapies for cardiogenic shock are calcitropes which can provide critical haemodynamic support, but also may increase myocardial oxygen demand, ischaemia, arrhythmia, and mortality. Emerging therapies to improve cardiac function such as mitotropes (e.g. perhexiline, SGLT2i) or myotropes (e.g. omecamtiv mecarbil) may provide useful alternatives in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjacc\/zuab047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T11:08:58Z","timestamp":1623668938000},"page":"676-686","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Inotropic therapies in heart failure and cardiogenic shock: an educational review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Jacqueline T","family":"DesJardin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John R","family":"Teerlink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"},{"name":"Section of Cardiology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 111C, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121-1545, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021082419402090400_zuab047-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.02.051","article-title":"Cardiac calcitropes, myotropes, and mitotropes: JACC review topic of the week","volume":"73","author":"Psotka","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2021082419402090400_zuab047-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2009.03.007","article-title":"Effects of istaroxime on diastolic stiffness in acute heart failure syndromes: results from the hemodynamic, echocardiographic, and neurohormonal effects of istaroxime, a novel intravenous inotropic and lusitropic agent: a randomized controlled trial in patients hospitalized 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