{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T11:39:07Z","timestamp":1778499547052,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,26]],"date-time":"2022-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Association for the Promotion of Research on Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology (ATVB) and the Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cardiogenic shock mortality rates remain high despite significant advances in cardiovascular medicine and the widespread uptake of mechanical circulatory support systems. Except for early invasive angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention of the infarct-related artery, all other widely used therapeutic measures are based on low-quality evidence. The grim prognosis and lack of high-quality data warrant further action. Within Part 2 of this two-part educational review on basic mechanisms in cardiogenic shock, we aimed to highlight the current status of translating our understanding of the pathophysiology of cardiogenic shock into clinical practice. We summarize the current status of biomarker research in risk stratification and therapy guidance. In addition, we summarized the current status of translating the findings from bench-, bedside, and biomarker studies into treatment options. Several large randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are underway, providing a huge opportunity to study contemporary cardiogenic shock patients. Finally, we call for translational, homogenous, biomarker-based, international RCTs testing novel treatment approaches to improve the outcome of our patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjacc\/zuac022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]],"date-time":"2022-02-11T12:13:34Z","timestamp":1644581614000},"page":"366-374","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Basic mechanisms in cardiogenic shock: part 2 \u2013 biomarkers and treatment options"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7792-2837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantin A","family":"Krychtiuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna , Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna , Austria"},{"name":"Duke Clinical Research Institute , 300 W Morgan Street, 27701 Durham, NC , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christiaan","family":"Vrints","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Cardiovascular Diseases, Department GENCOR, University of Antwerp , Prinsstraat 13, 2000 Antwerp , Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA) , Drie Eikenstraat 655, 2650 Edegem , Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1282-9276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johann","family":"Wojta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna , Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna , Austria"},{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research , Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna , Austria"},{"name":"Core Facilities, Medical University of Vienna , Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna , Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7934-5524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kurt","family":"Huber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research , Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna , Austria"},{"name":"3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology and Intensive Care Unit, Wilhelminenhospital , Montleartstra\u00dfe 37, 1160 Vienna , Austria"},{"name":"Medical School, Sigmund Freud University , Freudplatz 1, 1020 Vienna , Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Walter S","family":"Speidl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna , Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna , Austria"},{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research , Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna , 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