{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T18:23:01Z","timestamp":1790360581055,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]],"date-time":"2022-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a life-threatening condition burdened by mortality in up to 50% of cases. Few recommendations exist with intermediate\u2013low level of evidence on CS management and no data on adherence across centres exist. We performed a survey to frame CS management at multinational level.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>An international cross-sectional survey was created and approved by European Society of Cardiology-Acute Cardiovascular Care Association board. A total of 337 responses from 60 countries were obtained. Data were assessed by the hospital level of care of the participants. The most common cause of CS was AMI (AMI-CS\u201479.9%) with significant difference according to hospital levels (P\u2009=\u20090.001), followed by acutely decompensated heart failure (HF) (13.4%), myocarditis (3.5%), and de novo HF (1.75%). In 37.8%, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is performed to all CS-patients as a standard approach, whereas 42.1% used PCI if electrocardiogram suggestive of ischaemia and 20.1% only if Universal definition of myocardial infarction criteria are fulfilled. Management (catecholamine titration and mechanical circulatory support escalation) is driven by mean arterial pressure (87.1%), echocardiography (84.4%), and lactate levels (83.4%). Combination of vasopressor and inotrope is chosen with the same frequency (37.7%) than inotrope alone as first-line pharmacological therapy (differences amongst hospital levels; P\u2009&amp;gt;\u20090.5). Noradrenaline is first-line vasopressor (89.9%) followed by dopamine (8.5%), whereas dobutamine is confirmed as the first-line inotrope (65.9%).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cardiogenic shock management is heterogenous and often not adherent to current recommendations. Quality improvement on an international level with evidence-based quality indicators should be developed to standardize diagnostic and therapeutic pathways.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjacc\/zuac087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]],"date-time":"2022-08-09T04:08:51Z","timestamp":1660018131000},"page":"706-711","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Epidemiology, monitoring, and treatment strategy in cardiogenic shock. A multinational cross-sectional survey of ESC-acute cardiovascular care association research section"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9560-5138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guido","family":"Tavazzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Science, University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy"},{"name":"Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, 18631 Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo , Pavia , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6783-8463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xavier","family":"Rossello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Hospital Universitari Son Espases , Palma , Spain"},{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC) , Madrid , Spain"},{"name":"Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB) , Palma, Illes Balears , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5511-4668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Grand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Gierlotka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole , Opole , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0843-9512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Sionis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC) , Madrid , Spain"},{"name":"Intensive Cardiac Care Unit, Cardiology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingo","family":"Ahrens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Medical Intensive Care, Augustinerinnen Hospital, Academic Teaching Hospital University of Cologne , Jakobstreet 27-31, Cologne 50678 , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Hassager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6425-3360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanna","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Critical Care, Royal Brompton Hospital , Sydney Street, London , UK"},{"name":"National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022092919584658400_zuac087-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.260","article-title":"Clinical picture and risk prediction of short-term mortality in cardiogenic shock","volume":"17","author":"Harjola","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2022092919584658400_zuac087-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1492","article-title":"Acute heart failure congestion and perfusion status \u2013 impact of the clinical classification on in-hospital and long-term outcomes; insights from the ESC-EORP-HFA Heart Failure Long-Term Registry","volume":"21","author":"Chioncel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2022092919584658400_zuac087-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1159\/000448110","article-title":"Impact of pulmonary artery catheter use on short- and long-term mortality in patients with cardiogenic shock","volume":"136","author":"Rossello","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"2022092919584658400_zuac087-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzg031","article-title":"Good practice in the conduct and reporting of survey research","volume":"15","author":"Kelley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Qual Health Care"},{"key":"2022092919584658400_zuac087-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1177\/2048872617724269","article-title":"Editor\u2019s choice \u2013 acute cardiovascular care association position paper on intensive cardiovascular care units: an update on their definition, structure, organisation and function","volume":"7","author":"Bonnefoy-Cudraz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care"},{"key":"2022092919584658400_zuac087-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e232","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000525","article-title":"Contemporary management of cardiogenic shock: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"136","author":"van Diepen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2022092919584658400_zuac087-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-018-5214-9","article-title":"Management of cardiogenic shock complicating myocardial infarction","volume":"44","author":"Mebazaa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"2022092919584658400_zuac087-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8402","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000008402","article-title":"Dopamine versus norepinephrine in the treatment of cardiogenic shock: a PRISMA-compliant meta-analysis","volume":"96","author":"Rui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"2022092919584658400_zuac087-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.991","article-title":"Long-term safety of intravenous cardiovascular agents in acute heart failure: results from the European Society of Cardiology Heart Failure Long-Term Registry","volume":"20","author":"Mebazaa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"}],"container-title":["European Heart Journal. 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