{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T16:14:44Z","timestamp":1790957684152,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Electrical storm (ES) is a medical emergency that is defined as \u2265 3 separate ventricular tachycardia (VT) episodes causing ICD therapy within 24 h. Patients with ES have high risk for hospitalization, heart failure (HF) decompensation, in-hospital death. Furthermore, it is associated with significant anxiety and distress for the patients. Frequent triggers of ES are myocardial ischaemia, acute decompensation of HF, metabolic and electrolyte disorders, drug side-effects, increased sympathetic tone. Acute management of ES requires sedation, antiarrhythmic drugs and correction of the precipitating factors; although, in severe refractory cases, intubation, mechanical ventilation, and circulatory support might be necessary. Radiofrequency catheter ablation is superior than antiarrhythmic drugs to suppress the ES and is also frequently required to terminate the ES, as well as to achieve acute and long-term freedom of VT. Optimization of the ICD programming is crucial to reduce the burden of further appropriate and inappropriate shocks. Use of appropriate discrimination criteria and algorithms, ATPs and extending the detection times are important measures to reduce the burden of ES. In patients with end-stage HF, ES can be a sign of failing heart and can be refractory of treatment. In such cases, deactivation of the ICD therapy should be considered and discussed with patients and their care givers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjacc\/zuac160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T15:10:28Z","timestamp":1672153828000},"page":"69-73","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Management of patients with electrical storm: an educational review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Borislav","family":"Dinov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Electrophysiology, Heart Center of Leipzig , Struempellstrasse 39, 04289 Leipzig , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angeliki","family":"Darma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Electrophysiology, Heart Center of Leipzig , Struempellstrasse 39, 04289 Leipzig , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sotirios","family":"Nedios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Electrophysiology, Heart Center of Leipzig , Struempellstrasse 39, 04289 Leipzig , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0132-0773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerhard","family":"Hindricks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Electrophysiology, Heart Center of Leipzig , Struempellstrasse 39, 04289 Leipzig , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023012809044481400_zuac160-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa013474","article-title":"Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction","volume":"346","author":"Moss","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023012809044481400_zuac160-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euz132","article-title":"2019 HRS\/EHRA\/APHRS\/LAHRS expert consensus statement on catheter ablation of ventricular arrhythmias","volume":"21","author":"Cronin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"2023012809044481400_zuac160-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eut304","article-title":"Role of electrical storm as a mortality and morbidity risk factor and its clinical predictors: a meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Guerra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"2023012809044481400_zuac160-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1540-8167.2004.04352.x","article-title":"Prevalence, predictors and mortality significance of the causative arrhythmia in patients with electrical storm","volume":"15","author":"Verma","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"2023012809044481400_zuac160-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi726","article-title":"Clinical predictors and prognostic significance of electrical storm in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators","volume":"27","author":"Brigadeau","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2023012809044481400_zuac160-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjacc\/zuac044","article-title":"Incidence and predictors of mortality after an electrical storm in the ICU","volume":"11","author":"Ninni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care"},{"key":"2023012809044481400_zuac160-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.1111\/pace.14364","article-title":"Significantly less inappropriate shocks in ischemic patients compared to non-ischemic patients: the S-ICD experience of a high-volume single-center","volume":"44","author":"Oosterwerff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"2023012809044481400_zuac160-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.950147","article-title":"Who are the long-QT syndrome patients who receive and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator and what happens to them? 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