{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T15:31:09Z","timestamp":1773243069961,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Infections are common predisposing factors for mixed cardiogenic shock (CS) due to their contribution to systemic vasodilation. However, data on the prognosis of mixed CS complicated by infection remain limited. This study compared the clinical picture and outcomes of isolated CS and mixed CS, stratified by the timing of infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analysed 878 adult CS patients admitted to a cardiac intensive care unit (CICU) between 2012 and 2020. Patients were classified as isolated CS (non-infected), early mixed CS (infection identified within 48\u2005h of CICU admission), and late mixed CS (infection identified after 48\u2005h of CICU admission). The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Of 878 patients, 591 (67.3%) had isolated CS, while 287 (32.7%) had mixed CS (early: 18.1%; late: 14.6%). Mixed CS patients experienced prolonged mechanical ventilation (isolated: 2.2 vs. early: 4.7 vs. late: 9.5 days; P &amp;lt; 0.001), and indwelling catheterization (2.0 vs. 7.0 vs. 25.2 days; P &amp;lt; 0.001). In late mixed CS patients, an increasing trend of nosocomial infection was observed with the increase of total catheterization day and CICU length of stay. In-hospital mortalities in both mixed CS groups were higher than in isolated CS (both P &amp;lt; 0.001), with no significant difference between early and late mixed CS. Survival rates also followed a similar pattern during the follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mixed CS complicated by infection showed worse clinical outcomes than isolated CS, irrespective of the infection timing. Further research is needed to develop targeted treatment strategies tailored to this condition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjacc\/zuaf104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T11:53:21Z","timestamp":1754567601000},"page":"739-748","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The association of early or late combined infection with clinical outcomes in cardiogenic shock patients"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9363-8600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji Hyun","family":"Cha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351 ,","place":["Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351 ,","place":["Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryoung-Eun","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351 ,","place":["Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7511-9581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ki Hong","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351 ,","place":["Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chi Ryang","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351 ,","place":["Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5140-3964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyungmin","family":"Huh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351 ,","place":["Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8138-1367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeong Hoon","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351 ,","place":["Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351 ,","place":["Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026031015535031700_zuaf104-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e232","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000525","article-title":"Contemporary management of cardiogenic shock: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"136","author":"van Diepen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026031015535031700_zuaf104-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e011827","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.124.011827","article-title":"Pathophysiologic vasodilation in cardiogenic shock and its impact on mortality","volume":"17","author":"Chavez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circ Heart 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