{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T16:26:51Z","timestamp":1793550411727,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,9]],"date-time":"2022-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs) involve multiple organs including the heart and vasculature. Despite novel treatments, patients with ARDs still experience a reduced life expectancy, partly caused by the higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This includes CV inflammation, rhythm disturbances, perfusion abnormalities (ischaemia\/infarction), dysregulation of vasoreactivity, myocardial fibrosis, coagulation abnormalities, pulmonary hypertension, valvular disease, and side-effects of immunomodulatory therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Currently, the evaluation of CV involvement in patients with ARDs is based on the assessment of cardiac symptoms, coupled with electrocardiography, blood testing, and echocardiography. However, CVD may not become overt until late in the course of the disease, thus potentially limiting the therapeutic window for intervention. More recently, cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has allowed for the early identification of pathophysiologic structural\/functional alterations that take place before the onset of clinically overt CVD. CMR allows for detailed evaluation of biventricular function together with tissue characterization of vessels\/myocardium in the same examination, yielding a reliable assessment of disease activity that might not be mirrored by blood biomarkers and other imaging modalities. Therefore, CMR provides diagnostic information that enables timely clinical decision-making and facilitates the tailoring of treatment to individual patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Here we review the role of CMR in the early and accurate diagnosis of CVD in patients with ARDs compared with other non-invasive imaging modalities. Furthermore, we present a consensus-based decision algorithm for when a CMR study could be considered in patients with ARDs, together with a standardized study protocol. Lastly, we discuss the clinical implications of findings from a CMR examination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeac134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,9]],"date-time":"2022-07-09T06:48:15Z","timestamp":1657349295000},"page":"e308-e322","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in autoimmune rheumatic diseases: a clinical consensus document by the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1089-7766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S","family":"Mavrogeni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center , Leof. Andrea Siggrou 356, Kallithea 176 74 ,","place":["Greece"]},{"name":"Exercise Physiology and Sport Medicine Clinic, Center for Adolescent Medicine and UNESCO Chair in Adolescent Health Care, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children\u2019s Hospital , 115 27 Athens ,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6401-3829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A","family":"Pepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Radiology, Department of Medicine, University of Padua , 35122 Padua ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1530-6363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R","family":"Nijveldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Radboud University Medical Center , 6525 GA, Nijmegen ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2347-7883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N","family":"Ntusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cape Town & Groote Schuur Hospital , City of Cape Town, 7700 Western Cape ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3379-8317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L M","family":"Sierra-Galan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, American British Cowdray Medical Center , 05330 Mexico City ,","place":["Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Bratis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Manchester Royal Infirmary , Manchester M13 9WL ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1311-618X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Smidt Heart Institute, Los Angeles , CA 90048 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Preventive and Rehabilitative Cardiac Center, Cedars-Sinai Smidt Heart Institute , Los Angeles, CA 90048 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6088-0773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD 21205 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8192-6670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G","family":"Markousis-Mavrogenis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center , Leof. Andrea Siggrou 356, Kallithea 176 74 ,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0716-453X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L","family":"Gargani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa , 56126 Pisa ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3737-8595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L E","family":"Sade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Heart and Vascular Institute , Pittsburgh, PA 15260 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Baskent University , 06790 Ankara 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,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne , 1015 UniL ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Director CMR Center of the University Hospital Lausanne, CHUV , CH-1011 Lausanne ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8756-6995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J A C","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital , Baltimore, MD 21287 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Dawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Dweck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina 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