{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:28:05Z","timestamp":1786321685150,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,25]],"date-time":"2017-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/about_us\/legal\/notices"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To develop a document by Brazilian Cardiovascular Imaging Department (DIC) and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) to review and summarize the most recent evidences about the non-invasive assessment of patients with Chagas disease, with the intent to set up a framework for standardized cardiovascular imaging to assess cardiovascular morphologic and functional disturbances, as well as to guide the subsequent process of clinical decision-making.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chagas disease remains one of the most prevalent infectious diseases in Latin America, and has become a health problem in non-endemic countries. Dilated cardiomyopathy is the most severe manifestation of Chagas disease, which causes substantial disability and early mortality in the socially most productive population leading to a significant economical burden. Prompt and correct diagnosis of Chagas disease requires specialized clinical expertise to recognize the unique features of this disease. The appropriate and efficient use of cardiac imaging is pivotal for diagnosing the cardiac involvement in Chagas disease, to stage the disease, assess patients\u2019 prognosis and address management. Echocardiography is the most common imaging modality used to assess, and follow-up patients with Chagas disease. The presence of echocardiographic abnormalities is of utmost importance, since it allows to stage patients according to disease progression. In early stages of cardiac involvement, echocardiography may demonstrate segmental left ventricuar wall motion abnormalities, mainly in the basal segments of inferior, inferolateral walls, and the apex, which cannot be attributed to obstructive coronary artery arteries. The prevalence of segmental wall motion abnormalities varies according to the stage of the disease, reaching about 50% in patients with left ventricular dilatation and dysfunction. Speckle tracking echocardiography allows a more precise and quantitative measurement of the regional myocardial function. Since segmental wall motion abnormalities are frequent in Chagas disease, speckle tracking echocardiography may have an important clinical application in these patients, particularly in the indeterminate forms when abnormalities are more subtle. Speckle tracking echocardiography can also quantify the heterogeneity of systolic contraction, which is associated with the risk of arrhythmic events.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography is superior to conventional two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography for assessing more accurately the left ventricular apex and thus to detect apical aneurysms and thrombus in patients in whom ventricular foreshortening is suspected by 2D echocardiography. In addition, 3D echocardiography is more accurate than 2D Simpson s biplane rule for assessing left ventricular volumes and function in patients with significant wall motion abnormalities, including aneurysms with distorted ventricular geometry. Contrast echocardiography has the advantage to enhancement of left ventricular endocardial border, allowing for more accurate detection of ventricular aneurysms and thrombus in Chagas disease.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Diastolic dysfunction is an important hallmark of Chagas disease even in its early phases. In general, left ventricular diastolic and systolic dysfunction coexist and isolated diastolic dysfunction is uncommon but may be present in patients with the indeterminate form. Right ventricular dysfunction may be detected early in the disease course, but in general, the clinical manifestations occur late at advanced stages of Chagas cardiomyopathy. Several echocardiographic parameters have been used to assess right ventricular function in Chagas disease, including qualitative evaluation, myocardial performance index, tissue Doppler imaging, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, and speckle tracking strain.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is useful to assess global and regional left ventricular function in patients with Chagas diseases. Myocardial fibrosis is a striking feature of Chagas cardiomyopathy and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) is used to detect and quantify the extension of myocardial fibrosis. Myocardial fibrosis might have a role in risk stratification of patients with Chagas disease. Limited data are available regarding right ventricular function assessed by CMR in Chagas disease.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Radionuclide ventriculography is used for global biventricular function assessment in patients with suspected or definite cardiac involvement in Chagas disease with suboptimal acoustic window and contraindication to CMR. Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy may improve risk stratification to define cardiac involvement in Chagas disease, especially in the patients with devices who cannot be submitted to CMR and in the clinical setting of Chagas patients whose main complaint is atypical chest pain. Detection of reversible ischemic defects predicts further deterioration of left ventricular systolic function and helps to avoid unnecessary cardiac catheterization and coronary angiography.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cardiac imaging is crucial to detect the cardiac involvement in patients with Chagas disease, stage the disease and stratify patient risk and address management. Unfortunately, most patients live in regions with limited access to imaging methods and point-of-care, simplified protocols, could improve the access of these remote populations to important information that could impact in the clinical management of the disease. Therefore, there are many fields for further research in cardiac imaging in Chagas disease. How to better provide an earlier diagnosis of cardiac involvement and improve patients risk stratification remains to be addressed using different images modalities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jex154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,16]],"date-time":"2017-05-16T07:07:57Z","timestamp":1494918477000},"page":"459-460n","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Multimodality imaging evaluation of Chagas disease: an expert consensus of Brazilian Cardiovascular Imaging Department (DIC) and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Maria Carmo P","family":"Nunes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine and Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Professor Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efig\u00eania, 30130\u2009100 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi Paolo","family":"Badano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J Antonio","family":"Marin-Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto of the University de Sao Paulo (USP), Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Monte Alegre, Ribeir\u00e4o Preto, S\u00e4o Paulo 14049-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thor","family":"Edvardsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Covadonga","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Golf\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Ram\u00f3n y Cajal, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Bucciarelli-Ducci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol NIHR Biomedical Research Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bogdan A","family":"Popescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u2018Carol Davila\u2019\u2014Euroecolab, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases \u2018Prof. Dr. C. C. Iliescu\u2019, Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Underwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of non-invasive cardiac imaging, Royal Brompton Hospital and Harefield Hospital, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilbert","family":"Habib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, La Timone Hospital, Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose Luis","family":"Zamorano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Alcala Hospital Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto Magalh\u00e3es","family":"Saraiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology; Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ester Cerdeira","family":"Sabino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine of the University de Sao Paulo (USP), Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 Cerqueira C\u00e9sar 01246903, Sao Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando A","family":"Botoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine and Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Professor Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efig\u00eania, 30130\u2009100 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rcia Melo","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine and Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Professor Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efig\u00eania, 30130\u2009100 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcio Vinicius L","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine and Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Professor Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efig\u00eania, 30130\u2009100 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Falqueto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Hospital Felicio Rocho, Belo Horizonte, MG, Av. do Contorno, 9530 Prado, Belo Horizonte 21040-360, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus Vinicius","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto of the University de Sao Paulo (USP), Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Monte Alegre, Ribeir\u00e4o Preto, S\u00e4o Paulo 14049-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto of the University de Sao Paulo (USP), Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Monte Alegre, Ribeir\u00e4o Preto, S\u00e4o Paulo 14049-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos Eduardo","family":"Rochitte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Instituto do Cora\u00e7\u00e3o (InCor), School of Medicine of USP & Hospital do Cora\u00e7\u00e3o, HCor, Heart Hospital, Associa\u00e7\u00e3o do Sanat\u00f3rio S\u00edrio, Av. Dr. En\u00e9as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 - Pinheiros, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoel Ot\u00e1vio Costa","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine and Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. 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