{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T22:39:23Z","timestamp":1769726363407,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cardiac strangulation (CS) is a rare but potentially devastating complication caused by the leads of an epicardial pacemaker (EP). Most cases have been reported in paediatric patients, and there has been no report wherein the diagnosis was made in a living, adult patient, and treated successfully.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Case summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A 31-year-old woman with a history of atrial septal defect (ASD) patch closure and EP implantation for congenital atrial stand-still presented with dyspnoea on exertion. The blood investigation of the patient showed liver dysfunction, chest radiography showed pulmonary artery dilatation, and transthoracic echocardiography showed right chambers dysfunction. Right heart catheterization showed haemodynamics similar to those of constrictive pericarditis, eventually leading to the diagnosis of CS due to EP leads. The patient was successfully operated upon.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We reported the first case where CS was diagnosed in adulthood and successfully treated with surgical intervention. Cardiac strangulation is challenging to diagnose because of the small number of cases reported and the lack of definitive diagnostic algorithms or criteria. Surgical EP lead removal should be performed without hesitation in cases where CS is considered the primary aetiology of critical symptoms or complications because surgical removal is the only fundamental treatment for CS. In addition, paediatric patients undergoing EP implantation need for close follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcr\/ytac092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T04:35:29Z","timestamp":1645677329000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A case of cardiac strangulation following epicardial pacemaker implantation in an adult: a case report"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5709-128X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryeonshi","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toshikazu D","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michio","family":"Yoshitake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michihiro","family":"Yoshimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022030905204151200_ytac092-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2014.10.094","article-title":"Cardiac strangulation following epicardial pacemaker implantation: a rare pediatric complication","volume":"149","author":"Carreras","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Sur"},{"key":"2022030905204151200_ytac092-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s11748-014-0483-x","article-title":"Cardiac strangulation from epicardial pacemaker leads: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention","volume":"63","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"2022030905204151200_ytac092-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2018.04.001","article-title":"Strangulation of the heart presenting as sudden cardiac death: a deadly but forgotten complication of epicardial pacing device","volume":"32","author":"Janik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Leg Med (Tokyo)"},{"key":"2022030905204151200_ytac092-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1007\/s11748-020-01337-y","article-title":"A case of cardiac strangulation following epicardial pacemaker implantation","volume":"68","author":"Miyagi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"2022030905204151200_ytac092-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(88)90786-2","article-title":"Cardiac strangulation: two-dimensional echo recognition of a rare complication of epicardial pacemaker therapy","volume":"61","author":"Brenner","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2022030905204151200_ytac092-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1017\/S104795112000342X","article-title":"Cardiac strangulation after epicardial pacing: the importance of non-specific symptoms and a low index of suspicion","volume":"31","author":"Morrison","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiol Young"},{"key":"2022030905204151200_ytac092-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2012.04.055","article-title":"Myocardial infarction due to a retained epicardial pacing wire","volume":"94","author":"Cohen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"2022030905204151200_ytac092-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951111000242","article-title":"Cardiac strangulation from epicardial pacemaker: early recognition and prevention","volume":"21","author":"Alhuzaimi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiol Young"},{"key":"2022030905204151200_ytac092-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehn449","article-title":"Cardiac strangulation: a rare, but devastating complication of epicardial pacing causing progressive myocardial ischaemia","volume":"30","author":"Riede","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"}],"container-title":["European Heart Journal - 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