{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:18:18Z","timestamp":1787008698333,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The use of percutaneous stellate ganglion block (SGB) in the management of drug-refractory electrical storm (ES) has been increasingly reported in the last years. Few data are available on the safety, duration, and dosage of local anaesthetic used.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Case summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A 66-year-old male patient with a history of ischaemic cardiomyopathy and an implantable cardioverter\u2013defibrillator (ICD) presented to the emergency room complaining several ventricular arrhythmias and ICD shocks received in the last 24\u2005h. He was treated with many lines of anti-arrhythmic drugs but his condition deteriorated with cardiovascular instability and respiratory distress, so he was intubated. The ES still worsened (82 episodes of ventricular arrhythmias), so we performed an ultrasound-guided left SGB, using a modified technique, with success in suppressing the ventricular arrhythmias. The patient was then treated with electrophysiological study and catheter ablation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The ultrasound approach to SGB is feasible in emergency setting, and it is safe and effective also using a modified and easier technique in patient with difficult sonographic visualization of the neck structures. Moreover, it is possible and safe to use a combination of short-acting rapid-onset local anaesthetic with a long-lasting one with a good outcome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcr\/ytae101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,18]],"date-time":"2024-02-18T08:37:35Z","timestamp":1708245455000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A modified approach to percutaneous ultrasound-guided left stellate ganglion block for drug-refractory electrical storm: a case report"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9971-3646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"De Giorgi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9739-4082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaetano","family":"Scaramuzzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1595-6537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Bertini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Ferrara , Via Aldo Moro, 8, Ferrara 44124 , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1972-9665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Malag\u00f9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Ferrara , Via Aldo Moro, 8, Ferrara 44124 , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024032712123659600_ytae101-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-474X.2007.00187.x","article-title":"Electrical storm in patients with an implanted defibrillator: a matter of definition","volume":"12","author":"Israel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol"},{"key":"2024032712123659600_ytae101-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.07.010","article-title":"ACC\/AHA\/ESC 2006 guidelines for management of patient with ventricular arrhytmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (writing committee to develop guidelines for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death)","volume":"48","author":"Zipes","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2024032712123659600_ytae101-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eut304","article-title":"Role of electrical storm as a mortality and morbidity risk factor and its clinical predictors: a meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Guerra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"2024032712123659600_ytae101-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.11.077","article-title":"Significant impact of electrical storm on mortality in patients with structural heart disease and an implantable cardiac defibrillator","volume":"255","author":"Noda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2024032712123659600_ytae101-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2017.03.005","article-title":"The role of the autonomic nervous system in arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death","volume":"205","author":"Franciosi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Auton Neurosci"},{"key":"2024032712123659600_ytae101-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2022.11.025","article-title":"Blocking nerves and saving lives: left stellate ganglion block for electrical storms","volume":"20","author":"Savastano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"2024032712123659600_ytae101-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euaa232","article-title":"Management of ventricular electrical storm: a contemporary appraisal","volume":"22","author":"Kowlgi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"2024032712123659600_ytae101-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2014.19","article-title":"Cardiac sympathetic denervation to prevent life-threatening arrhythmias","volume":"11","author":"Schwartz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"2024032712123659600_ytae101-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/27.12.616","article-title":"The anatomical approach in stellate ganglion injection","volume":"27","author":"Walls","year":"1955","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"2024032712123659600_ytae101-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e007118","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.118.007118","article-title":"Effective use of percutaneous stellate ganglion blockade in patients with electrical storm","volume":"12","author":"Tian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"2024032712123659600_ytae101-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euaa319","article-title":"Anatomical-based percutaneous left stellate ganglion block in patients with drug-refractory electrical storm and structural heart disease: a single-centre case 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