{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T23:02:48Z","timestamp":1789167768427,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]],"date-time":"2024-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Myocarditis is challenging to diagnose due to its varied presentations. Endomyocardial biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosis, but its invasive nature has led to alternative non-invasive modalities, notably cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR). Identifying the precise aetiology of myocarditis is crucial for effective treatment, yet extra-cardiac causes are often overlooked. In this paper, we spotlight the underexplored role of CMR in diagnosing extra-cardiac aetiologies, utilizing three insightful cases for illustration.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Case summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The first case is a 31-year-old patient with myocarditis secondary to a pyogenic liver abscess, identified through CMR, who improved after abscess drainage. The second case involves a 54-year-old patient with myocarditis attributed to adult T-cell leukaemia\u2013lymphoma, with the loco-regional thickening process identified thanks to CMR. This patient had an unfavourable disease progression due to the underlying malignancy. The third case concerns a 23-year-old patient suffering from myocarditis associated with pneumonia, again illustrated effectively through CMR imaging, who recovered after antibiotic treatment.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>These cases underline the overlooked potential of CMR in diagnosing extra-cardiac aetiologies of myocarditis, even though such causes are rare. Despite current guidelines recognizing the importance of identifying the aetiology of myocarditis, they do not explicitly address the role of CMR in diagnosing extra-cardiac aetiologies. This article, therefore, proposes that future guidelines could emphasize the utility of CMR in exploring these causes, potentially leading to more accurate diagnoses and improved patient outcomes. It also advocates for a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach to myocarditis diagnosis, encouraging vigilance for potential loco-regional causes, and calls for further research in this area.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcr\/ytae232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]],"date-time":"2024-05-06T18:00:25Z","timestamp":1715018425000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in the identification of extra-cardiac causes of myocarditis: a case series"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2225-9267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hichem","family":"Sakhi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AP-HP, H\u00f4pital Europ\u00e9en Georges-Pompidou , 20 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Reverdito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AP-HP, H\u00f4pital Europ\u00e9en Georges-Pompidou , 20 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris , France"},{"name":"Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale, PARCC , Paris , France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Paris-Cit\u00e9 , 75015 Paris , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4165-6113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilles","family":"Soulat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AP-HP, H\u00f4pital Europ\u00e9en Georges-Pompidou , 20 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris , France"},{"name":"Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale, PARCC , Paris , France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Paris-Cit\u00e9 , 75015 Paris , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9893-9694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elie","family":"Mousseaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AP-HP, H\u00f4pital Europ\u00e9en Georges-Pompidou , 20 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris , France"},{"name":"Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale, PARCC , Paris , France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Paris-Cit\u00e9 , 75015 Paris , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024052106211530100_ytae232-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0800028","article-title":"Myocarditis","volume":"360","author":"Cooper","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024052106211530100_ytae232-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60648-X","article-title":"Myocarditis","volume":"379","author":"Sagar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2024052106211530100_ytae232-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e007405","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.120.007405","article-title":"Management of acute myocarditis and chronic inflammatory cardiomyopathy: an expert consensus document","volume":"13","author":"Ammirati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"2024052106211530100_ytae232-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht210","article-title":"Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: a position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases","volume":"34","author":"Caforio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2024052106211530100_ytae232-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carpath.2011.10.001","article-title":"2011 consensus statement on endomyocardial biopsy from the Association for European Cardiovascular Pathology and the Society for Cardiovascular Pathology","volume":"21","author":"Leone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Pathol"},{"key":"2024052106211530100_ytae232-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.09.072","article-title":"Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in nonischemic myocardial inflammation: expert recommendations","volume":"72","author":"Ferreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2024052106211530100_ytae232-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3599","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab368","article-title":"2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure","volume":"42","author":"McDonagh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2024052106211530100_ytae232-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-020-00607-1","article-title":"Standardized cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) protocols: 2020 update","volume":"22","author":"Kramer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Magn Reson"}],"container-title":["European Heart Journal - 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