{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:18:19Z","timestamp":1787008699291,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":7,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ricin is a highly potent toxin derived from the seeds of the castor oil plant (Ricinus communis) and can be lethal even in small amounts. While ricin intoxication is known for its gastrointestinal and systemic toxicity, its potential to induce life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias, such as bidirectional ventricular tachycardia, remains largely unexplored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Case summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A previously healthy man ingested 15 castor beans in a suicide attempt and presented to the emergency department with a wide-complex tachycardia at 180 bpm and alternating QRS axis, consistent with bidirectional ventricular tachycardia. Due to severe agitation and suspected aspiration, the patient was endotracheally intubated. As there is no specific antidote for ricin, activated charcoal and intravenous sodium bicarbonate were administered. Attempts at rhythm stabilization, including five electrical cardioversion attempts and a cumulative dose of 450\u202fmg amiodarone, were unsuccessful. After approximately 2\u2005h of supportive care, conversion to sinus rhythm occurred, although short episodes of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia and atrial fibrillation persisted. The patient remained intubated for 10 days due to aspiration pneumonia but subsequently recovered fully. The patient was discharged in good health 24 days after admission.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of bidirectional ventricular tachycardia following ricin intoxication. A likely mechanism involves toxin-induced myocardial injury resulting in increased automaticity or triggered activity. Re-entry appears unlikely due to the absence of structural heart disease and the failure of electrical cardioversion. This case underscores the importance of recognizing rare toxin-induced arrhythmias in the differential diagnosis of wide-complex tachycardias, highlighting a need for heightened awareness among cardiologists in the context of acute poisoning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcr\/ytag115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T12:42:15Z","timestamp":1770900135000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Bidirectional ventricular tachycardia following ricin intoxication: a case report"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8876-5477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Steinacher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Clinic Floridsdorf , Bruenner Strasse 68, Vienna 1210 ,","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Schratter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Clinic Floridsdorf , Bruenner Strasse 68, Vienna 1210 ,","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Delle Karth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Clinic Floridsdorf , Bruenner Strasse 68, Vienna 1210 ,","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Eisenburger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Clinic Floridsdorf , Bruenner Strasse 68, Vienna 1210 ,","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026030413312908000_ytag115-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3997","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac262","article-title":"2022 ESC guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death","volume":"43","author":"Zeppenfeld","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026030413312908000_ytag115-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2005.40776.x","article-title":"Bidirectional ventricular tachycardia resulting from digoxin toxicity","volume":"16","author":"Grimard","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"2026030413312908000_ytag115-B3","first-page":"60","article-title":"Ricin toxicity: clinical and molecular aspects","volume":"4","author":"Moshiri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rep Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026030413312908000_ytag115-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpmed.2015.11.019","article-title":"Ricin and abrin","volume":"44","author":"Bradberry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"2026030413312908000_ytag115-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2021.03.004","article-title":"Ricin poisoning: a review on contamination source, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and reporting of ricin poisoning","volume":"195","author":"Abbes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"2026030413312908000_ytag115-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1002\/jca.21351","article-title":"Early plasma exchange for treating ricin toxicity in children after castor bean ingestion","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Apher"},{"key":"2026030413312908000_ytag115-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.2147\/VHRM.S274857","article-title":"Bidirectional ventricular tachycardia: challenges and solutions","volume":"18","author":"Almarzuqi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vasc Health Risk Manag"}],"container-title":["European Heart Journal - 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