{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:18:20Z","timestamp":1787008700091,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]],"date-time":"2021-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the real effects of calcium supplementation on cardiovascular outcomes within a population-based cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From a nationwide health screening database in South Korea, a total of 11\u00a0297 patients with osteoporosis who had taken calcium supplementation with or without vitamin D for at least 90 days [total calcium group; calcium supplementation only (CaO), n\u00a0=\u00a0567; calcium supplementation in combination with vitamin D (CaD), n\u00a0=\u00a010\u00a0730] were matched at a 1:1 ratio to patients who had not taken calcium supplements (control group) by using propensity scores. The overall mean age was 59.9\u00a0\u00b1\u00a08.8 years and the percentage of women was 87.9% in our study population. Over a median follow-up of 54 months, the incidence rate of composite cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) per 1000 person-years was not different between the groups: 9.73 in the total calcium group and 8.97 in the control group [adjusted hazard ratio (HR): 1.12; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.99\u20131.28; P\u00a0=\u00a00.08]. However, calcium supplementation without vitamin D was associated with an increased risk of composite CVD (HR: 1.54; 95% CI: 1.17\u20132.04; P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.01), especially non-fatal myocardial infarction (HR: 1.89; 95% CI: 1.23\u20132.91; P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.01), compared with no calcium supplementation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our population-based study supported that taking calcium supplementation combined with vitamin D did not appear to be harmful to cardiovascular health, but reminded that calcium supplementation without vitamin D should be used carefully even in populations with low dietary calcium intake.<\/jats:p>\n                  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