{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T16:07:25Z","timestamp":1780330045217,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,2]],"date-time":"2019-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Danish Heart Foundation and Eva and Henry Fr\u00e6nkel Memorial Foundation"},{"name":"Astra Zeneca"},{"name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation to the University of Copenhagen","award":["NNF15SA0018404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF15SA0018404"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We investigated the association between potassium levels and 90-day all-cause mortality in atrial fibrillation or flutter (AF) patients co-treated with diuretics and rate- or rhythm-controlling drugs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>During 2000\u201312, first-time AF patients treated with beta-blockers, amiodarone, sotalol, verapamil, or digoxin combined with any diuretic within 90\u2009days post-AF discharge were included. Following co-treatment, a potassium measurement within 90\u2009days after initiating diuretic treatment was required. Mortality risk associated with potassium &amp;lt;3.5, 3.5\u20133.7, 3.8\u20134.0, 4.5\u20134.7, 4.8\u20135.0, and &amp;gt;5.0\u2009mmol\/L (reference: 4.1\u20134.4\u2009mmol\/L) was assessed using multivariable Cox regression. In total, 14\u00a0425 AF patients were included (median age: 78\u2009years; women: 52%). Patients most often received beta-blocker monotherapy (29%), beta-blockers and digoxin combined (25%), digoxin monotherapy (24%), amiodarone monotherapy (3%), and verapamil monotherapy (3%). Increased 90-day mortality risk was associated with &amp;lt;3.5\u2009mmol\/L [hazard ratio (HR) 2.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.68\u20132.50], 3.5\u20133.7\u2009mmol\/L (HR 1.28, 95% CI 1.05\u20131.57), 4.5\u20134.7\u2009mmol\/L (HR 1.20, 95% CI 1.02\u20131.41), 4.8\u20135.0\u2009mmol\/L (HR 1.37, 95% CI 1.14\u20131.66), and &amp;gt;5.0\u2009mmol\/L: (HR 1.84, 95% CI 1.53\u20132.21). Compared with beta-blocker monotherapy, rate- or rhythm-controlling drugs did not modify the association between potassium groups and mortality risk.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In addition to hypo- and hyperkalaemia, low and high normal range potassium levels were associated with increased 90-day mortality risk in AF patients co-treated with diuretics and rate- or rhythm-controlling drugs. These associations were independent of rate- or rhythm-controlling drugs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcvp\/pvz024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,28]],"date-time":"2019-06-28T03:12:07Z","timestamp":1561691527000},"page":"137-144","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Association between serum potassium levels and short-term mortality in patients with atrial fibrillation or flutter co-treated with diuretics and rate- or rhythm-controlling drugs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Louise","family":"Hagengaard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"},{"name":"Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"S\u00f8gaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Espersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Sessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania \u201cL. Vanvitelli\u201d, Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter Enemark","family":"Lund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Luk\u00e1cs","family":"Krogager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"},{"name":"Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Torp-Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"},{"name":"Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristian Hay","family":"Kragholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark"},{"name":"Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, North Denmark Regional Hospital, Hj\u00f8rring, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9372-7484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoffer","family":"Polcwiartek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"},{"name":"Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark"},{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020090710535365200_pvz024-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2016.02.009","article-title":"Proarrhythmic and torsadogenic effects of potassium channel blockers in patients","volume":"8","author":"McCauley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiac Electrophysiol Clin"},{"key":"2020090710535365200_pvz024-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.048","article-title":"Serum potassium levels and the risk of atrial fibrillation: the Rotterdam study","volume":"168","author":"Krijthe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2020090710535365200_pvz024-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-6175.2002.01728.x","article-title":"Importance of potassium in cardiovascular disease","volume":"4","author":"Sica","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens"},{"key":"2020090710535365200_pvz024-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.1995.tb00368.x","article-title":"Proarrhythmia with class III antiarrhythmic drugs: definition, electrophysiologic mechanisms, incidence, predisposing factors, and clinical implications","volume":"6","author":"Hohnloser","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"2020090710535365200_pvz024-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.2174\/1574886311207040262","article-title":"Drug-induced QTc interval prolongation: a multicenter study to detect drugs and clinical factors involved in every day practice","volume":"11","author":"Keller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Drug Saf"},{"key":"2020090710535365200_pvz024-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2003.06.021","article-title":"What is the optimal serum potassium level in cardiovascular patients?","volume":"43","author":"Macdonald","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2020090710535365200_pvz024-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5273(86)90121-X","article-title":"Amiodarone and hypokalemia. A dangerous combination","volume":"13","author":"Moro","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2020090710535365200_pvz024-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcvp\/pvv026","article-title":"Short-term mortality risk of serum potassium levels in acute heart failure following myocardial infarction","volume":"1","author":"Krogager","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother"},{"key":"2020090710535365200_pvz024-B9","first-page":"104","article-title":"Short-term mortality risk of serum potassium levels in hypertension: a retrospective analysis of nationwide registry data","volume":"38","author":"Krogager","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2020090710535365200_pvz024-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2018.08.045","article-title":"Prognostic role of serum sodium levels across different serum potassium levels in heart failure patients: a Danish register-based cohort study","volume":"272","author":"Polcwiartek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2020090710535365200_pvz024-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2890","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx460","article-title":"Associations of serum potassium levels with mortality in chronic heart failure patients","volume":"38","author":"Aldahl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2020090710535365200_pvz024-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494811401482","article-title":"The Danish national patient register","volume":"39","author":"Lynge","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"2020090710535365200_pvz024-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3109\/14017431.2012.673728","article-title":"Validity of the diagnoses atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter in a Danish patient registry","volume":"46","author":"Rix","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand Cardiovasc J"},{"key":"2020090710535365200_pvz024-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494811399958","article-title":"The Danish register of causes of death","volume":"39","author":"Helweg-Larsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"2020090710535365200_pvz024-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494810387965","article-title":"The Danish civil registration system","volume":"39","author":"Pedersen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"2020090710535365200_pvz024-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494810394717","article-title":"The Danish national prescription registry","volume":"39","author":"Kildemoes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"2020090710535365200_pvz024-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006","article-title":"A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate","volume":"150","author":"Levey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2020090710535365200_pvz024-B18"},{"key":"2020090710535365200_pvz024-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2893","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw210","article-title":"2016 ESC guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS","volume":"37","author":"Kirchhof","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2020090710535365200_pvz024-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.3.314","article-title":"Serum potassium level and dietary potassium intake as risk factors for stroke","volume":"59","author":"Green","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2020090710535365200_pvz024-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eul038","article-title":"Pro-arrhythmic effects of amiodarone and concomitant rate-control medication","volume":"8","author":"Schrickel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Europace"}],"container-title":["European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ehjcvp\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ehjcvp\/pvz024\/29106911\/pvz024.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ehjcvp\/article-pdf\/6\/3\/137\/33722701\/pvz024.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ehjcvp\/article-pdf\/6\/3\/137\/33722701\/pvz024.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]],"date-time":"2020-09-07T14:54:25Z","timestamp":1599490465000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ehjcvp\/article\/6\/3\/137\/5526877"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,2]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ehjcvp\/pvz024","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-6837","2055-6845"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-6837","type":"print"},{"value":"2055-6845","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,2]]}}}