{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T11:38:19Z","timestamp":1793014699901,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]],"date-time":"2021-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008173","name":"Intermountain Research and Medical Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["759"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["759"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008173","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008173","name":"Intermountain Research and Medical Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008173","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Dell Loy Hansen Heart Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) predicts heart disease onset and may be reduced by intermittent fasting. Some studies, though, reported that fasting increased LDL-C; however, no study evaluated LDL-C as the primary endpoint. This randomized controlled trial evaluated the effect of low-frequency intermittent fasting on LDL-C and other biomarkers.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Adults aged 21\u201370 years were enrolled who were not taking a statin, had modestly elevated LDL-C, had \u22651 metabolic syndrome feature or type 2 diabetes, and were not taking anti-diabetic medication (N = 103). Water-only 24-h fasting was performed twice weekly for 4 weeks and then once weekly for 22 weeks; controls ate ad libitum. The primary outcome was 26-week LDL-C change score. Secondary outcomes (requiring P \u2264 0.01) were 26-week changes in homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), Metabolic Syndrome Score (MSS), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and MicroCog general cognitive proficiency index (GCPi). Intermittent fasting (n = 50) and control (n = 53) subjects were, respectively, aged 49.3 \u00b1 12.0 and 47.0 \u00b1 9.8 years, predominantly female (66.0% and 67.9%), and overweight (103 \u00b1 24 and 100 \u00b1 21 kg) and had modest LDL-C elevation (124 \u00b1 19 and 128 \u00b1 20 mg\/dL). Drop-outs (n = 12 fasting, n = 20 control) provided an evaluable sample of n = 71 (n = 38 fasting, n = 33 control). Intermittent fasting did not change LDL-C (0.2 \u00b1 16.7 mg\/dL) vs. control (2.5 \u00b1 19.4 mg\/dL; P = 0.59), but it improved HOMA-IR (\u22120.75 \u00b1 0.79 vs. \u22120.10 \u00b1 1.06; P = 0.004) and MSS (\u22120.34 \u00b1 4.72 vs. 0.31 \u00b1 1.98, P = 0.006). BDNF (P = 0.58), GCPi (P = 0.17), and weight (\u22121.7 \u00b1 4.7 kg vs. 0.2 \u00b1 3.5 kg, P = 0.06) were unchanged.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A low-frequency intermittent fasting regimen did not reduce LDL-C or improve cognitive function but significantly reduced both HOMA-IR and MSS.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\u2003clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02770313.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjopen\/oeab026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]],"date-time":"2021-09-03T17:23:05Z","timestamp":1630689785000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Randomized controlled trial of once-per-week intermittent fasting for health improvement: the WONDERFUL trial"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"1","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5767-3455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ciera L","family":"Bartholomew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University , Provo, UT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph B","family":"Muhlestein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute , 5121 S. Cottonwood St. , Salt Lake City, UT 84107, USA"},{"name":"Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi T","family":"May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute , 5121 S. Cottonwood St. , Salt Lake City, UT 84107, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6659-5332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viet T","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute , 5121 S. Cottonwood St. , Salt Lake City, UT 84107, USA"},{"name":"Rocky Mountain University of Health Professions , Provo, UT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oxana","family":"Galenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute , 5121 S. 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