{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T13:58:41Z","timestamp":1769003921235,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,2]],"date-time":"2024-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000274","name":"British Heart Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RG\/18\/4\/33541"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG\/18\/4\/33541"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000274","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000274","name":"British Heart Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FS\/19\/6\/34129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FS\/19\/6\/34129"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000274","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000274","name":"British Heart Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FS\/16\/1\/31699"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FS\/16\/1\/31699"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000274","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The Standard care vs. Celecoxib Outcome Trial (SCOT) found similar risk of cardiovascular events with traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and the cyclooxygenase-2-selective drug celecoxib. While pre-clinical work has suggested roles for vascular and renal dysfunction in NSAID cardiovascular toxicity, our understanding of these mechanisms remains incomplete. A post hoc analysis of the SCOT cohort was performed to identify clinical risk factors and circulating biomarkers of cardiovascular events in NSAID users.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Within SCOT (7295 NSAID users with osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis), clinical risk factors associated with cardiovascular events were identified using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression. A nested case\u2013control study of serum biomarkers including targeted proteomics was performed in individuals who experienced a cardiovascular event within 1 year (n = 49), matched 2:1 with controls who did not (n = 97). Risk factors significantly associated with cardiovascular events included increasing age, male sex, smoking, total cholesterol:HDL ratio \u22655, and aspirin use. Statin use was cardioprotective [odds ratio (OR) 0.68; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.46\u20130.98]. There was significantly higher immunoglobulin (Ig)G anti-malondialdehyde-modified LDL (MDA-LDL), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), and lower arginine\/ADMA. Targeted proteomic analysis identified serum growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) as a candidate biomarker [area under the curve of 0.715 (95% CI 0.63\u20130.81)].<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Growth differentiation factor 15 has been identified as a candidate biomarker and should be explored for its mechanistic contribution to NSAID cardiovascular toxicity, particularly given the remarkable providence that GDF-15 was originally described as NSAID-activated gene-1.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjopen\/oeae088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,2]],"date-time":"2024-11-02T05:00:15Z","timestamp":1730523615000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Vascular and inflammatory biomarkers of cardiovascular events in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug 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National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London \u00a0 SW7 2AZ ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neringa","family":"Cypaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London \u00a0 SW7 2AZ ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hime","family":"Gashaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London \u00a0 SW7 2AZ ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Quint","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London \u00a0 SW7 2AZ ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramzi","family":"Khamis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London 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