{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T04:56:18Z","timestamp":1781326578346,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Guangzhou Municipal Research Fund","award":["Z2023209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z2023209"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Infectious diseases (IDs) are increasingly recognized as precipitants of heart failure (HF). However, the impact of diverse pathogens and genetic susceptibility on HF and cardiac remodelling remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analysed 480 154 UK Biobank (UKB) participants and 9816 Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) participants free of HF at baseline. Hospital-treated IDs were ascertained with 931 ICD-10 codes and modelled as time-varying exposures. Incident HF and HF with preserved (HFpEF) and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) were identified through hospital records and adjudication. Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for ID\u2014overall and pathway-specific for TGF-\u03b2, acute inflammation, and myocardial fibrosis\u2014were derived from genome-wide association study data. Multivariable Cox and Fine\u2013Gray models estimated hazard ratios (HRs); cardiac structure and function were assessed by cardiac MRI in UKB and echocardiography in ARIC. Over median follow-up of 13.5 years (UKB) and 22.4 years (ARIC), any hospital-treated ID was associated with higher HF risk (UKB HR 1.54, 95% CI 1.46\u20131.63; ARIC HR 1.84, 1.68\u20132.00). Risks were similar for bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections, peaked within 180 days (HR 5.88), and persisted &amp;gt;1 year. Infectious diseases increased both HFpEF (sub-HR 1.81) and HFrEF (2.03). Imaging revealed higher left-ventricular mass, wall thickness, mass-to-volume ratio and filling pressures, and lower ejection fraction among infected individuals. In infection-free participants, higher overall ID-PRS predicted incident HF (per-SD HR 1.07 UKB; 1.11 ARIC) and adverse cardiac remodelling, with strongest effects for TGF-\u03b2 and acute-inflammation pathways.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hospital-treated IDs and genetic predisposition to infection are independently associated with HF and adverse cardiac phenotypes. Integrating infection history and ID-PRS may enhance HF risk stratification and motivate trials targeting fibro-inflammatory pathways.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjopen\/oeag036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T12:43:03Z","timestamp":1771591383000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hospital-treated infectious diseases and polygenic susceptibility in relation to heart failure and cardiac remodelling: evidence from the UK Biobank and ARIC cohorts"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0163-9175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiazhen","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering Thrust, Systems Hub, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou) , No. 1 Duxue Road, Dongchong Town, Nansha District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511453 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3004 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuoni","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban Governance and Design Thrust, Society Hub, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou) , No. 1 Duxue Road, Dongchong Town, Nansha District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511453 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S W Ricky","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering Thrust, Systems Hub, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou) , No. 1 Duxue Road, Dongchong Town, Nansha District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511453 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