{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T06:21:52Z","timestamp":1788330112979,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623196800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002141","name":"Public Health England","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To consolidate evidence to determine (i) the association between cardiovascular risk factors and health outcomes with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19); and (ii) the impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular health.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>An umbrella review of systematic reviews was conducted. Fourteen medical databases and pre-print servers were searched from 1 January 2020 to 5 November 2020. The review focused on reviews rated as moderate or high-quality using the AMSTAR 2 tool. Eighty-four reviews were identified; 31 reviews were assessed as moderate quality and one was high-quality. The following risk factors were associated with higher mortality and severe COVID-19: renal disease [odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval) for mortality 3.07 (2.43\u20133.88)], diabetes mellitus [OR 2.09 (1.80\u20132.42)], hypertension [OR 2.50 (2.02\u20133.11)], smoking history [risk ratio (RR) 1.26 (1.20\u20131.32)], cerebrovascular disease [RR 2.75 (1.54\u20134.89)], and cardiovascular disease [OR 2.65 (1.86\u20133.78)]. Liver disease was associated with higher odds of mortality [OR 2.81 (1.31\u20136.01)], but not severe COVID-19. Current smoking was associated with a higher risk of severe COVID-19 [RR 1.80 (1.14\u20132.85)], but not mortality. Obesity associated with higher odds of mortality [OR 2.18 (1.10\u20134.34)], but there was an absence of evidence for severe COVID-19. In patients hospitalized with COVID-19, the following incident cardiovascular complications were identified: acute heart failure (2%), myocardial infarction (4%), deep vein thrombosis (7%), myocardial injury (10%), angina (10%), arrhythmias (18%), pulmonary embolism (19%), and venous thromboembolism (25%).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Many of the risk factors identified as associated with adverse outcomes with COVID-19 are potentially modifiable. Primary and secondary prevention strategies that target cardiovascular risk factors may improve outcomes for people following COVID-19.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjqcco\/qcab029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]],"date-time":"2021-04-23T19:21:30Z","timestamp":1619205690000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Cardiovascular risk factors, cardiovascular disease, and COVID-19: an umbrella review of systematic reviews"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8846-0946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie L","family":"Harrison","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool & Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK"},{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University 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