{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T14:17:02Z","timestamp":1794320222891,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]],"date-time":"2022-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004411","name":"Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Heart failure (HF) is a global epidemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess global sex differences in HF epidemiology across country income levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using Global Burden of Disease (GBD) data from 204 countries and territories 1990\u20132019, we assessed sex differences in HF prevalence, etiology, morbidity, and temporal trends across country sociodemographic index or gross national income. We derived age-standardized rates. Of 56.2 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 46.4\u201367.8 million) people with HF in 2019, 50.3% were females and 69.2% lived in low- and middle-income countries; age-standardized prevalence was greater in males and in high-income countries. Ischaemic and hypertensive heart disease were top causes of HF in males and females, respectively. There were 5.1 million (95% UI 3.3\u20137.3 million) years lived with disability, distributed equally between sexes. Between 1990 and 2019, there was an increase in HF cases, but a decrease in age-standardized rates per 100\u00a0000 in males (9.1%, from 864.2 to 785.7) and females (5.8%, from 686.0 to 646.1). High-income regions experienced a 16.0% decrease in age-standardized rates (from 877.5 to 736.8), while low-income regions experienced a 3.9% increase (from 612.1 to 636.0), largely consistent across sexes. There was a temporal increase in age-standardized HF from hypertensive, rheumatic, and calcific aortic valvular heart disease, and a decrease from ischaemic heart disease, with regional and sex differences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Age-standardized HF rates have decreased over time, with larger decreases in males than females; and with large decreases in high-income and small increases in low-income regions. Sex and regional differences offer targets for intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjqcco\/qcac088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T17:42:28Z","timestamp":1671730948000},"page":"662-672","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Sex differences in the etiology and burden of heart failure across country income level: analysis of 204 countries and territories 1990\u20132019"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Sunny","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, McMaster University , Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5 , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J Jamie","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima 15102 , Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamas A","family":"Mamas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Group, Keele University , Stoke-on-Trent ST5 5BG , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liesl J","family":"Z\u00fchlke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700 , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evan","family":"Kontopantelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Science, The University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0355-9734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lehana","family":"Thabane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster 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