{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T06:11:20Z","timestamp":1790835080439,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021117","name":"Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021117","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A virtual ward (VW) supports patients who would otherwise need hospitalization by providing acute care, remote monitoring, investigations, and treatment at home. By March 2024, the VW programme had treated 10\u2009950 patients across six speciality VWs, including heart failure (HF). This evaluation presents the economic assessment of the Liverpool HF VW.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Method and results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A comprehensive economic cost comparison model was developed by the York Health Economics Consortium (University of York) to compare the costs of the VW to standard hospital inpatient care [standard care (SC)]. The model included direct VW costs and additional costs across the care pathway. Costs and resource use for 648 patients admitted to the HF VW were calculated for 30 days post-discharge and total cohort costs were extrapolated to a full year. Primary outcomes included costs related to length of stay, readmissions, and NHS 111 contact. The total cost for the HF VW pathway, including set-up costs, was \u00a3467\u2009524. This results in an incremental net cost benefit of \u00a3735\u2009512 compared with the total SC cost of \u00a31\u2009203\u2009036, indicating a substantial net cost benefit of \u00a31135 per patient per episode (PPPE). This advantage remains despite initial setup expenses and ongoing costs such as home visits, virtual consultations, point-of-care testing, and home monitoring equipment.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our HF VW model offers a substantial net cost benefit, driven by reduced hospital stays, fewer emergency department visits, and lower readmission rates. The study highlights the importance of considering system-wide impacts and continuous monitoring of VWs as they develop.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjqcco\/qcae095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T01:25:36Z","timestamp":1731547536000},"page":"197-205","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Economic evaluation of the Liverpool heart failure virtual ward model"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0022-2052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debar","family":"Rasoul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Aintree Hospital , Liverpool, Lower Lane, L9 7AL ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital , Brownlow Hill, L69 7TX 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