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However, large-scale studies are scarce. This study evaluates global epidemiologic trends from 1990 to 2021 and projects them to 2050 to inform public health policies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data on the incidence, prevalence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of PAH and PAH-HF were analysed using models like joinpoint regression, Bayesian age-period-cohort and decomposition analysis. Trends were reported by sex, age group, and geographic region, with projections extending to 2050. In 2021, the global age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), prevalence rate (ASPR), mortality rate (ASMR), and DALY rate (ASDR) for PAH were 0.52, 2.28, 0.27, and 8.24 per 100\u2009000 population, respectively. Compared with 1990, ASIR and ASPR increased, while ASDR and ASMR declined. Females showed higher burdens in nearly all outcomes. In 2021, Zambia and Switzerland had the highest ASIR and ASPR of PAH, while Mongolia recorded the highest ASMR and ASDR. For PAH-HF, the number of prevalent cases and years lived with disability from 1990 to 2021, though most HF subtypes showed declines in ASPR. Decomposition analysis attributed increases in PAH incidence, prevalence, and DALYs primarily to population growth, while aging primarily drove increases in deaths. Future projections suggest continued growth in ASIR but declines in other burden indicators after 2021.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From 1990 to 2021, the global burden of PAH and PAH-HF increased, with significant gender disparities. These results provide valuable guidance for healthcare strategies and resource allocation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjqcco\/qcaf009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T21:05:10Z","timestamp":1740431110000},"page":"969-980","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Global, regional, and national burden of pulmonary arterial hypertension and related heart failure from 1990 to 2021, with predictions to 2050: insights from the global burden of disease study 2021"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ke","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 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