{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T18:28:52Z","timestamp":1783103332437,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC3500101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3500101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the changing patterns of heart failure (HF) in China from 1990 to 2021, providing evidence for informed healthcare strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data on prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), and their corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UI) were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2021. The joinpoint regression model, the age-period-cohort model, and the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model were utilized for more in-depth analysis. In 2021, 13 099 727 (95% UI, 11 320 895 to 15 376 467) individuals lived with HF and this illness accounted for 1 290 810 (95% UI, 865 894 to 1 775 731) YLDs in China. The burden of HF is more pronounced in males and the elderly, with ischaemic heart disease having become the leading cause since 2002. The age-standardized rates of prevalence and YLDs increased at average annual percentage changes of 0.23% (95% CI, 0.20 to 0.26) and 0.25% (95% CI, 0.23 to 0.27), respectively. The curve of local drift showed a downward trend with age. Both the period and cohort rate ratios have increased significantly over the last 30 years. By 2031, the age-standardized rates of prevalence will decrease to 678.69 (95% CI, 640.75 to 716.63), while the age-standardized rates of YLDs will increase to 69.19 (95% CI, 66.95 to 71.43).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The burden and risk of HF in China remains a major concern. The implementation of comprehensive strategies should be taken into consideration, including strengthening the primary healthcare system, enhancing public health education, and promoting cardiac rehabilitation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjqcco\/qcaf064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T11:00:38Z","timestamp":1752231638000},"page":"1174-1183","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Changing patterns of heart failure in China from 1990 to 2021: a secondary analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9652-6950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiwen","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Hai Yun Cang on the 5th, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100700 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