{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T04:09:18Z","timestamp":1782274158994,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program \u2018Stem Cell Research and Organ Repair\u2019 Key Special Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFA1104500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFA1104500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program \u2018Stem Cell Research and Organ Repair\u2019 Key Special Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025GGXM002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025GGXM002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While previous studies have suggested a declining burden of heart failure (HF) in the general population, recent evidence indicates a concerning rise in prevalence among younger individuals. However, trends in women of childbearing age (WCBA) remain understudied. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of HF burden trends in WCBA at global, regional, and national levels over the past three decades, exploring the effects of age, period, and birth cohort, and projecting future trajectories to 2040.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HF prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs) in WCBA were extracted from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021. The burden was analysed globally, regionally, and nationally, with the average annual percentage change (AAPC) calculated using joinpoint regression analysis to identify significant shifts. Age-period-cohort (APC) modelling was used to assess age, period, and cohort effects, and the Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) framework was applied for projections stratified by socio-demographic index (SDI). Global HF prevalence in WCBA rose from 1.51 million in 1990 to 2.68 million in 2021, with an annual growth rate of 0.49%. The disease burden was highest among women aged 40\u201349 years, while the fastest growth rate occurred in the 15\u201319 age group. Low- and low-middle SDI regions had the highest age-standardized prevalence. Significant increases were seen in East Asia (AAPC = 1.50%) and Central Sub-Saharan Africa (AAPC = 0.34%), while North America showed a decline (AAPC = \u22120.51%). Major causes of HF included cardiomyopathy\/myocarditis, rheumatic heart disease (RHD), congenital defects, ischaemic, and hypertensive heart disease, with the latter two rising as leading causes in older age groups (\u226535 years), while cardiomyopathy and RHD were more prevalent in younger WCBA. Projections for 2040 suggest a decline in middle- and high-SDI regions, while other regions are expected to see an increase.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The global HF burden in WCBA has risen over the past three decades, with worsening period and cohort risks. However, high-SDI regions may see a decline in prevalence, and tailored regional prevention and treatment strategies could help mitigate the increasing burden of HF in WCBA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjqcco\/qcag005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T12:45:26Z","timestamp":1768999526000},"page":"544-561","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Global, regional, and national burdens of heart failure in women of childbearing age from 1990 to 2021: a comprehensive analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Lingzhi","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) , Chongqing 400000 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology , Chongqing 400000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) , Chongqing 400000 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology , Chongqing 400000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haijing","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing 400016 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linfei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) , Chongqing 400000 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology , Chongqing 400000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lintao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) , Chongqing 400000 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology , Chongqing 400000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gengze","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) , Chongqing 400000 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology , Chongqing 400000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) , Chongqing 400000 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology , Chongqing 400000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanzheng","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) , Chongqing 400000 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology , Chongqing 400000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunyu","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) , Chongqing 400000 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology , Chongqing 400000 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease Research, Ministry of Education of China, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) , Chongqing 400000 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) , Chongqing 400000 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Center of Chongqing College, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chongqing 400000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026062310173847100_qcag005-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-024-01046-6","article-title":"Global epidemiology of heart failure","volume":"21","author":"Khan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"2026062310173847100_qcag005-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac730","article-title":"Increasing incidence of heart failure among young adults: how can we stop it?","volume":"44","author":"Schaufelberger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Heart 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