{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T19:49:48Z","timestamp":1791229788198,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) have emerged as a foundational therapeutic option for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), offering glycaemic control and cardiovascular benefits. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluate the impact of GLP-1RAs on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with T2DM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library up to 31 March 2025, for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing GLP-1RAs with placebo in T2DM patients. Risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled using a random-effects model. Twenty RCTs involving 83 004 patients were included. GLP-1RAs significantly reduced the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.83\u20130.92), all-cause death (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.84\u20130.93), cardiovascular death (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.81\u20130.94), myocardial infarction (RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.79\u20130.96), stroke (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.81\u20130.96) and composite renal outcome (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.73\u20130.88) compared to placebo. In addition, a trend of reduction in heart failure hospitalizations (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.85\u20131.01), and coronary revascularization (RR = 0.87, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.01) was observed with GLP-1 RAs without reaching statistical significance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>GLP-1RAs are associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes in patients with T2DM. These findings support current guideline recommendations and highlight their cardioprotective benefits beyond glycaemic control in patients with T2DM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjqcco\/qcag079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T11:44:13Z","timestamp":1778931853000},"page":"980-994","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Cardiovascular and renal outcomes of GLP-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9872-8224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mushood","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Rawalpindi Medical University , Rawalpindi 46000 ,","place":["Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tallal Mushtaq","family":"Hashmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Rawalpindi Medical University , Rawalpindi 46000 ,","place":["Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Shahzad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Dow University of Health Sciences , Karachi 74200 ,","place":["Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohma","family":"Zia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Rawalpindi Medical University , Rawalpindi 46000 ,","place":["Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hadiah","family":"Ashraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Rawalpindi Medical University , Rawalpindi 46000 ,","place":["Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2814-7314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raheel","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Royal Brompton Hospital , London SW3 6NP ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9725-1583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keele Cardiovascular Research Group, Centre for Prognosis Research, Institute for Primary Care and Health Sciences, Keele University , David Weatherall building, University Road, Keele ST5 5BG ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen 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