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Health investments respond to dust exposure, consistent with compensating behaviours. Despite these efforts, surviving children still exhibit negative health impacts. Our data allow us to investigate differential impacts over time and across countries. We find declining impacts over time, suggesting adaptation. Using national-level measures of macroeconomic conditions and health resources, we find suggestive evidence that both economic development and public health improvements have contributed to this adaptation, with health improvements playing a larger role.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ej\/uead088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]],"date-time":"2023-11-22T19:02:06Z","timestamp":1700679726000},"page":"885-912","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Dust and Death: Evidence from the West African Harmattan"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"134","author":[{"given":"Achyuta","family":"Adhvaryu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California San Diego , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prashant","family":"Bharadwaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California San Diego , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Fenske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Warwick , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anant","family":"Nyshadham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Stanley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PATH , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2024032010422981200_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.1982.tb02542.x","article-title":"Childhood bronchial asthma in Northern Nigeria","volume":"12","author":"Abdurrahman","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clinical & Experimental Allergy"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024032010422981200_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02274004","article-title":"On bioclimatological aspects of harmattan dust haze in Nigeria","volume":"33","author":"Adefolalu","year":"1984","journal-title":"Archives for Meteorology, Geophysics, and Bioclimatology, Series B"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024032010422981200_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1477-8696.1979.tb03389.x","article-title":"Harmattan haze","volume":"34","author":"Adetunji","year":"1979","journal-title":"Weather"},{"key":"2024032010422981200_bib4","article-title":"Fetal origins of mental health: Evidence from Africa","author":"Adhvaryu","year":"2015"},{"issue":"593","key":"2024032010422981200_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1111\/ecoj.12186","article-title":"Endowments at birth and parents\u2019 investments in children","volume":"126","author":"Adhvaryu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Economic Journal"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024032010422981200_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-015-4755-4","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variations of the particulate size distribution and chemical composition over Ibadan, Nigeria","volume":"187","author":"Akinlade","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024032010422981200_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00089","article-title":"Inside the war on poverty: The impact of food stamps on birth outcomes","volume":"93","author":"Almond","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Review of Economics and Statistics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024032010422981200_bib13","first-page":"56","article-title":"Health capital and the prenatal environment: The effect of Ramadan observance during pregnancy","volume":"3","author":"Almond","year":"2011","journal-title":"American Economic Journal: Applied Economics"},{"key":"2024032010422981200_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-economics-082912-110145","article-title":"Fetal origins and parental responses","volume":"5","author":"Almond","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annual Review of Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024032010422981200_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1086\/426036","article-title":"Selection on observed and unobserved variables: Assessing the effectiveness of catholic schools","volume":"113","author":"Altonji","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Political Economy"},{"issue":"591","key":"2024032010422981200_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/ecoj.12273","article-title":"Does the effect of pollution on infant mortality differ between developing and developed countries? 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