{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T13:45:48Z","timestamp":1793367948422,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Association for Experimental Economic Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>I study self-learning pricing algorithms and show that they are collusive in market simulations. To derive a counterfactual that resembles traditional tacit collusion, I conduct market experiments with humans in the same environment. Across different treatments, I vary the market size and the number of firms that use a pricing algorithm. I demonstrate that oligopoly markets can become more collusive if algorithms make pricing decisions instead of humans. In two-firm markets, prices are weakly increasing in the number of algorithms in the market. In three-firm markets, algorithms weaken competition if most firms use an algorithm and human sellers are inexperienced.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ej\/ueag013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T12:13:50Z","timestamp":1769516030000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Algorithmic and Human Collusion"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Tobias","family":"Werner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Maynooth University, Ireland, University of Southampton, UK, Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf & Max Planck Institute for Human Development ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"2026090111420010100_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5042","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2022.4623","article-title":"\u2018Artificial intelligence: Can seemingly collusive outcomes be 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