{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T22:26:23Z","timestamp":1778711183745,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,3]],"date-time":"2020-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVES<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Little is known on the outcome of tracheal allografts after long-term survival. This study aimed to explore the changes in structure and composition by evaluating the status of the mucosa and cartilage of allografts with long-term survival in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Eight tracheal allografts that survived for \u02c39\u2009months were enrolled in our study. Epithelium, revascularization, monocyte infiltration and fibrosis were evaluated histologically. The fluorescent dye 4\u2032-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole was used to evaluate the presence of chondrocyte nuclei. Glycosaminoglycan was detected using safranin-O staining and collagen II was evaluated using immunohistochemistry.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The 8 animals survived from 277 to 783\u2009days. Bronchoscopy demonstrated that 6 allografts showed no stenosis; 2 cases developed slight stenosis, but could maintain airway patency. Histological examination showed that the epithelium covered the surface of the allografts. In comparison to fresh tracheal controls, allografts demonstrated mild monocyte infiltration, evident revascularization and mild fibrosis in the mucosa or submucosa (all P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). There were a few viable chondrocytes scattered in the cartilage after long-term survival. Moreover, glycosaminoglycan and collagen II were significantly decreased in the allografts compared with fresh trachea (all P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>For tracheal allografts with long-term survival after transplantation, only a few viable chondrocytes were retained, and the extracellular matrix of the cartilage demonstrated degeneration. Despite this, the airway could maintain patency. Notably, the significance of monocyte infiltration in the mucosa or submucosa at different time points warrants further study.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezaa314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,9]],"date-time":"2020-08-09T19:06:40Z","timestamp":1597000000000},"page":"155-161","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Examination of tracheal allografts after long-term survival in dogs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Tao","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiwei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yulei","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongxing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021010414504322800_ezaa314-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)42969-3","article-title":"The limits of tracheal resection with primary anastomosis: further anatomical studies in man","volume":"55","author":"Mulliken","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"2021010414504322800_ezaa314-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(79)90902-4","article-title":"Tracheal allotransplantation in man","volume":"313","author":"Rose","year":"1979","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021010414504322800_ezaa314-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702211","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02211-2017","article-title":"Tracheal replacement","volume":"51","author":"Etienne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2021010414504322800_ezaa314-B4","first-page":"448","article-title":"Human tracheal allotransplant with greater omentum for revascularization","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp Clin Transplant"},{"key":"2021010414504322800_ezaa314-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(00)01297-2","article-title":"Revascularization of canine cryopreserved tracheal allografts","volume":"69","author":"Moriyama","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"2021010414504322800_ezaa314-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1067\/mtc.2000.106655","article-title":"Immunosuppressant-free allotransplantation of the trachea: the antigenicity of tracheal grafts can be reduced by removing the epithelium and mixed glands from the graft by detergent treatment","volume":"120","author":"Liu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"2021010414504322800_ezaa314-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(01)03046-6","article-title":"Tracheal allotransplantation in beagle dogs without immunosuppressants","volume":"72","author":"Liu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"2021010414504322800_ezaa314-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1097\/00002480-200201000-00006","article-title":"New type of tracheal bioartificial organ treated with detergent: maintaining cartilage viability is necessary for successful immunosuppressant free allotransplantation","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2002","journal-title":"ASAIO J"},{"key":"2021010414504322800_ezaa314-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2015.09.018","article-title":"Is tracheal transplantation possible with cryopreserved tracheal allograft and hyperbaric oxygen therapy? 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