{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T22:44:21Z","timestamp":1791585861147,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82172848"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82172848"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Fund","award":["fkzr2105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["fkzr2105"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Fund","award":["fkyq1908"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["fkyq1908"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p\/>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVES<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) is characterized by abnormal connectivity between the posterior wall of the trachea or bronchus and the adjacent anterior wall of the oesophagus. Benign TEF can result in serious complications; however, there is currently no uniform standard to determine the appropriate surgical approach for repairing TEF.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The PubMed database was used to search English literature associated with TEF from 1975 to October 2023. We employed Boolean operators and relevant keywords: \u2018tracheoesophageal fistula\u2019, \u2018tracheal resection\u2019, \u2018fistula suture\u2019, \u2018fistula repair\u2019, \u2018fistula closure\u2019, \u2018flap\u2019, \u2018patch\u2019, \u2018bioabsorbable material\u2019, \u2018bioprosthetic material\u2019, \u2018acellular dermal matrix\u2019, \u2018AlloDerm\u2019, \u2018double patch\u2019, \u2018oesophageal exclusion\u2019, \u2018oesophageal diversion\u2019 to search literature. The evidence level of the literature was assessed based on the GRADE classification.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Nutritional support, no severe pulmonary infection and weaning from mechanical ventilation were the 3 determinants for timing of operation. TEFs were classified into 3 levels: small TEF (&amp;lt;1 cm), moderate TEF (\u22651 but &amp;lt;5 cm) and large TEF (\u22655 cm). Fistula repair or tracheal segmental resection was used for the small TEF with normal tracheal status. If the anastomosis cannot be finished directly after tracheal segmental resection, special types of tracheal resection, such as slide tracheoplasty, oblique resection and reconstruction, and autologous tissue flaps were preferred depending upon the site and size of the fistula. Oesophageal exclusion was applicable to refractory TEF or patients with poor conditions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The review primarily summarizes the main surgical techniques employed to repair various acquired TEF, to provide references that may contribute to the treatment of TEF.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezae047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,11]],"date-time":"2024-02-11T10:30:32Z","timestamp":1707647432000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Surgical strategies for benign acquired tracheoesophageal fistula"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Ao","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University , Shanghai, 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