{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T12:01:51Z","timestamp":1792497711047,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVES<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cardiac surgery remains one of the most gender-imbalanced surgical specialties. Women constitute 6\u201311% of the North American workforce, while other regional data are scarce. Despite the acknowledged under-representation of women in cardiac surgery globally and evidence that surgeon\u2013patient gender concordance enhances postoperative outcomes, precise figures remain poorly defined. Herein, we provide the 1st global quantification of women cardiac surgeons (WCS) and explore correlates of workforce diversity.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The Cardiothoracic Surgery Network database was queried for cardiac surgeons within each country and cross-validated with external sources. Profile pronouns and the genderize.io application determined surgeon sex. Data were stratified by country, geographical region and national income group, and correlation analyses with socioeconomic and gender parity metrics were performed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Women constitute 8.0% (1178\/14\u2009651) of the international cardiac surgical workforce, with a median of 0.00 WCS per million women (interquartile range: 0.00\u20130.09). North America (11.4%) and Europe (10.3%) lead regional representation, while East Asia (2.9%) and the Middle East (1.7%) rank lowest. High-income countries (9.9%) have double the proportion of WCS as low- and middle-income countries (4.8%), with a notable absence among low-income countries. Female representation correlates with Gross National Income per capita (\u03c4\u2009=\u20090.39), the Global Gender Gap Index (\u03c4\u2009=\u20090.26) and health expenditure (\u03c4\u2009=\u20090.26).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Improving female representation in cardiac surgery is essential to advancing social justice and overall patient care. Yet, WCS remain a minority worldwide, with the most pronounced disparities in low- and middle-income countries and regions with low Gross National Income, Global Gender Gap Index and health expenditure. Confronting these inequities will require targeted mentorship efforts and addressing country-specific entry barriers, necessitating further research into the unique factors influencing women in low- and middle-income countries.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezae463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T16:38:15Z","timestamp":1734539895000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Women in cardiac surgery: a global workforce analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6888-9431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aliya","family":"Izumi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoya","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University , Halifax, NS,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maral","family":"Ouzounian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Penelope","family":"Adinku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cardiothoracic Centre, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital , Accra,","place":["Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorena","family":"Montes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiac Surgery, Fundacion Cardiovascular de Colombia , Floridablanca, Santander,","place":["Colombia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3142-0388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominique","family":"Vervoort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024122821502920000_ezae463-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2019.04.039","article-title":"Global cardiac 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