{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T21:05:10Z","timestamp":1792184710097,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVES<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The European Congenital Heart Surgeons Association Congenital Cardiac Database (ECHSA-CCDB), growing steadily over 25\u2009years is the second largest in the world. In this study, we summarize overall outcomes of paediatric and congenital cardiac procedures, stratified by age groups, and the benchmark procedure groups, and we report on observed trends.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All data from 1999 until August 2024 are analysed and outcome parameters hospital mortality (HM), 30-day mortality (30d-M) and length of stay are reported. Outcomes are stratified by the origin of participating centres, by age groups and by the standard 10 benchmark procedure groups. Important outcome trends are also demonstrated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Over 25\u2009years, 377\u00a0606 procedures in 294\u00a0206 patients of all ages with congenital heart disease were recorded. Overall 30d-M and HM, were 3.65% and 4.09%, respectively. The mean length of stay was 15.95 (SD 26.53) days. 30d-M and HM for neonates were 8.71% and 10.28%; for infants 3.36% and 3.90%; for children 1.68% and 1.87%; for adults 1.77% and 1.85%, respectively. For benchmark procedure groups, 30d-M and HM ranged from 0.63% and 0.72% for ventricular septal defect repair to 22.93% and 27.62% for the Norwood procedure. Reduced mortality over time was documented across the board.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This 25-year report provides real-world outcomes of paediatric and adult congenital heart surgery in participating ECHSA-CCDB centres, unadjusted overall and stratified by age and benchmark procedure groups. Mortality has been decreasing over time. This information can be of value for research and individual centre quality improvement programs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezaf119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T15:40:13Z","timestamp":1744040413000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The European Congenital Heart Surgeons Association congenital cardiac database: A 25-year summary of congenital heart surgery outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0245-9395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleftherios","family":"Protopapas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Surgery, Mitera Children\u2019s Hospital, and Athens Heart Surgery Institute , Athens,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Padalino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Surgery, University of Bari, Medical School , Bari,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zdzislaw","family":"Tobota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Memorial Health Institute , Warsaw,","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7124-0058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tjark","family":"Ebels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen,","place":["Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Speggiorin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Congenital Heart Disease, Evelina London Children\u2019s Hospital, Guy\u2019s & St Thomas NHS Trust Westminster Bridge Road , London,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jurgen","family":"Horer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery, LMU University Hospital, Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery, German Heart Center, TUM University Hospital, Munich, Germany European Children's Heart Center EKHZ , Munich,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrej","family":"Kansy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Memorial Health Institute , Warsaw,","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey P","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, FL,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Fragata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Hospital de Santa Marta and NOVA University , Lisbon,","place":["Portugal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4144-6677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bohdan","family":"Maruszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Memorial Health Institute , Warsaw,","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1829-0259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimiro","family":"Vida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Cardiac Surgery and Congenital Heart Disease Unit, Cardio-thoraco-vascular and Public Health Department, Padova University Hospital , Padova,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Sarris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Surgery, Mitera Children\u2019s Hospital, and Athens Heart Surgery Institute , Athens,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025041817070081100_ezaf119-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951123001427","article-title":"Combining congenital heart surgical and interventional cardiology outcome data in a single database: the development of a patient-centered collaboration of the European Congenital Heart Surgeons Association (ECHSA) and the Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC)","volume":"33","author":"Jacobs","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiol Young"},{"key":"2025041817070081100_ezaf119-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1177\/21501351221103794","article-title":"Ten years of data verification: the European Congenital Heart Surgeons Association Congenital Database Audits","volume":"13","author":"Herbst","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg"},{"key":"2025041817070081100_ezaf119-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2005.03.051","article-title":"An attempt at data verification in the EACTS Congenital Database","volume":"28","author":"Maruszewski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Cardio-Thorac Surg"},{"key":"2025041817070081100_ezaf119-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1177\/21501351211007106","article-title":"Adverse outcomes prediction for congenital heart surgery: a machine learning approach","volume":"12","author":"Bertsimas","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg"},{"key":"2025041817070081100_ezaf119-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1177\/21501351211051227","article-title":"Benchmarking in congenital heart surgery using machine learning-derived optimal classification trees","volume":"13","author":"Bertsimas","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg"},{"key":"2025041817070081100_ezaf119-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2023.10.034","article-title":"Congenital heart surgery machine learning-derived in-depth benchmarking tool","volume":"118","author":"Sarris","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"2025041817070081100_ezaf119-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2017.07.001","article-title":"The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital\u00a0Heart Surgery Database: 2017 Update on Research","volume":"104","author":"Jacobs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"2025041817070081100_ezaf119-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1177\/21501351221075604","article-title":"The World Society for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery: 2021 Update of the World Database for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery","volume":"13","author":"St Louis","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg"},{"key":"2025041817070081100_ezaf119-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2022.12.040","article-title":"The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database: 2022 Update on Outcomes and Research","volume":"115","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"2025041817070081100_ezaf119-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1177\/2150135120988634","article-title":"Pediatric cardiac surgical patterns of practice and outcomes in Japan and Europe","volume":"12","author":"H\u00f6rer","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg"},{"key":"2025041817070081100_ezaf119-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.32604\/CHD.2021.012982","article-title":"Pediatric cardiac surgical patterns of practice and outcomes in Europe and China: an analysis of the European Congenital Heart Surgeons Association Congenital Heart Surgery Database","volume":"16","author":"Herbst","year":"2021","journal-title":"Congenit Heart Dis"},{"key":"2025041817070081100_ezaf119-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2010.01.003","article-title":"Analysis of 14,843 neonatal congenital heart surgical procedures in the European Association for Cardiothoracic Surgery Congenital Database","volume":"89","author":"Kansy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"2025041817070081100_ezaf119-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.958405","article-title":"Congenital heart defects in Europe: prevalence and perinatal mortality, 2000 to 2005","volume":"123","author":"Dolk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ejcts\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ejcts\/ezaf119\/62884311\/ezaf119.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ejcts\/article-pdf\/67\/4\/ezaf119\/62884311\/ezaf119.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ejcts\/article-pdf\/67\/4\/ezaf119\/62884311\/ezaf119.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]],"date-time":"2025-04-18T17:07:20Z","timestamp":1744996040000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ejcts\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ejcts\/ezaf119\/8107770"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ejcts\/ezaf119","relation":{},"ISSN":["1873-734X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1873-734X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]},"article-number":"ezaf119"}}