{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T19:02:24Z","timestamp":1780599744286,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"F\u00f6rderverein des Deutschen Herzzentrums M\u00fcnchen"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is widely used to treat cardiopulmonary failure after congenital heart surgery. This study evaluated patient characteristics, outcomes, and risk factors associated with perioperative veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All patients undergoing congenital heart surgery between 2001 and 2024 at our centre were included. Prevalence, outcomes, risk factors for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support, and predictors of in-hospital mortality following extracorporeal membrane oxygenation were analysed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 9892 congenital heart operations, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was required in 178 (1.8%) patients for a median of 6 days (interquartile range 4-9). Median age and weight at surgery were 2.8 months (interquartile range 0.4-25.2) and 4.1 kg (interquartile range 3.2-8.9), respectively. In patients \u22642 years, the Norwood procedure and surgery for coronary artery malformations were independent risk factors for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Successful weaning was achieved in 62% (n\u2009=\u2009111), while 17% (n\u2009=\u200930) required a second extracorporeal membrane oxygenation run. In-hospital mortality after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was 55% (n\u2009=\u200998), occurring a median of 16 days (interquartile range 5-34) after surgery; 27% of the patients died after a successful first weaning. Model-based predictions showed an 8-fold increase between days 6 and 12 of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support, with predicted mortality rising from 26% to 74%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Approximately 2% of patients undergoing congenital heart surgery require extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support with an overall survival rate of around 50%. Prolonged extracorporeal membrane oxygenation duration and acute renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy were independently associated with mortality. The sharp increase in mortality beyond 6 days of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation highlights the need for early reassessment of reversibility and timely consideration of alternative strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezag123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T12:36:30Z","timestamp":1773146190000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Early Outcomes of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Congenital Heart Surgery"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6842-2988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thibault","family":"Schaeffer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Congenital and Paediatric Heart Surgery, Technical University Munich, German Heart Centre , Munich 80636,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Centre for Congenital Heart Disease, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern , Bern 3010,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sohal","family":"Hayat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Congenital and Paediatric Heart Surgery, Technical University Munich, German Heart Centre , Munich 80636,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muneaki","family":"Matsubara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Congenital and Paediatric Heart Surgery, Technical University Munich, German Heart Centre , Munich 80636,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Palm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Paediatric Cardiology, Technical University Munich, German Heart Centre , Munich 80636,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Lemmen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Congenital and Paediatric Heart Surgery, Technical University Munich, German Heart Centre , Munich 80636,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul Philipp","family":"Heinisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Congenital and Paediatric Heart Surgery, Technical University Munich, German Heart Centre , Munich 80636,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Piber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Technical University Munich, German Heart Centre , Munich 80636,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Amici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Paediatric Cardiology, Technical University Munich, German Heart Centre , Munich 80636,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2481-2017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfred","family":"Hager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Paediatric Cardiology, Technical University Munich, German Heart Centre , Munich 80636,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Ewert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Paediatric Cardiology, Technical University Munich, German Heart Centre , Munich 80636,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"H\u00f6rer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Congenital and Paediatric Heart Surgery, Technical University Munich, German Heart Centre , Munich 80636,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5699-6394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masamichi","family":"Ono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Congenital and Paediatric Heart Surgery, Technical University Munich, German Heart Centre , Munich 80636,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026060414310856000_ezag123-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1097\/MAT.0000000000002128","article-title":"Extracorporeal life support organization registry 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