{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T12:09:33Z","timestamp":1789042173876,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with stroke, congestive heart failure, and mortality. Treatment has evolved from the cut-and-sew Cox-Maze III procedure to energy-based ablation using cryoablation and radiofrequency ablation, often via minimally invasive approaches. This review aims to establish standardized definitions and reporting practices for rhythm outcomes after surgical AF ablation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this review, we establish a definition for rhythm success that can be used to compare outcomes across various types of catheter and surgical ablation. We examine biatrial versus uniatrial ablation and the lesion sets that should be recomended for paroxysmal versus persistent AF. We discuss ablation performed during coronary artery bypass grafting, aortic valve replacement, and mitral valve replacement. We also review minimally invasive thoracoscopic and hybrid ablation approaches.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We suggest standardizing rhythm monitoring and reporting using electrocardiograms, Holter monitors, mobile devices, and implantable loop recorders. We suggest standardizing antiarrhythmic drug use, both within and after the blanking period, and describe how use of these medications should affect reporting of ablation success. Description of a detailed lesion set and the mode of application by type of device and cardiopulmonary bypass status are also warranted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Standardized reporting of rhythm outcomes is essential in clinical reports of surgical ablation. Detailed description of the mechanism of lesion application is often missing and should be included in research reports as lesion integrity as part of the ablation scheme is a key factor in success. Superior rhythm outcomes with equivalent morbidity and mortality are obtainable with a complete Maze procedure performed via right thoracotomy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezag208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T11:51:30Z","timestamp":1786017090000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Current Status of Atrial Fibrillation Ablation Surgery"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Niv","family":"Ad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD 21287,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen D","family":"Waterford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Northwell Health , New Hyde Park, NY 10305,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026091007202970400_ezag208-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.1991.tb01357.x","article-title":"A review of surgery for atrial fibrillation","volume":"2","author":"Cox","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"2026091007202970400_ezag208-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e005352","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.117.005352","article-title":"Minimally invasive stand-alone Coz maze procedure for persistent and long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation: perioperative safety and 5-year outcomes","volume":"10","author":"Ad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"2026091007202970400_ezag208-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.5606\/tgkdc.dergisi.2024.86520","article-title":"Surgical ablation for atrial fibrillation: rationale and technique","volume":"32","author":"Waterford","year":"2024","journal-title":"Turk Gogus Kalp Damar Cerrahisi Derg."},{"key":"2026091007202970400_ezag208-B4","first-page":"e1","article-title":"ACC\/AHA\/ACCP\/HRS guideline for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation: report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"149","author":"Joglar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026091007202970400_ezag208-B5","first-page":"1482","article-title":"When is a maze procedure a maze procedure?","volume":"34","author":"Cox","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol."},{"key":"2026091007202970400_ezag208-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eum120","article-title":"HRS\/EHRA\/ECAS expert consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation: recommendations for personnel, policy, procedures and follow-up. A report of the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS) Task Force on Catheter and Surgical Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation developed in partnership with the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) and the European Cardiac Arrhythmia Society (ECAS); in collaboration with the American College of Cardiology (ACC), American Heart Association (AHA), and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS). Endorsed and approved by the governing bodies of the American College of Cardiology, the American Heart Association, the European Cardiac Arrhythmia Society, the European Heart Rhythm Association, the Society of Thoracic Surgeons, and the Heart Rhythm Society","volume":"9","author":"Calkins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"2026091007202970400_ezag208-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2017.05.012","article-title":"2017 HRS\/EHRA\/ECAS\/APHRS\/SOLAECE expert consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation","volume":"14","author":"Calkins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"2026091007202970400_ezag208-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e009288","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.120.009288","article-title":"Hybrid convergent procedure for the treatment of persistent and long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation: results of CONVERGE clinical 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