{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T14:14:12Z","timestamp":1792592052364,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,20]],"date-time":"2019-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550620800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p\/>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVES<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The tumour, node and the metastasis (TNM) staging system for thymic epithelial tumours was adopted by the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) in 2016. Although the T factor is defined by the invasive nature of a thymoma, tumour size is not considered. The aim of this study was to examine the clinical importance of tumour size using a nationwide retrospective database of cases treated from 1991 to 2010 compiled by the Japanese Association for Research of the Thymus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tumour size was evaluated by the maximum diameter shown by computed tomography imaging prior to resection. Tumour size was available for 2083 thymoma patients undergoing upfront surgical treatment. The tumour size ranged from 0.6 to 19.4\u2009cm (mean 5.1\u2009cm, median 4.9\u2009cm). Harrell\u2019s C-index was adopted to determine the cut-off value of the tumour size in 0.5-cm increments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The highest C-index value (0.7760) was obtained in terms of recurrence-free survival after the complete resection when the cut-off value was set at 5.0\u2009cm. The 10-year recurrence-free survival rate was 93.8% in patients with a tumour \u22645.0\u2009cm and 84.3% in patients with a tumour &gt;5.0\u2009cm (P\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). The highest C-index value (0.8885) in terms of disease-specific survival was obtained when the cut-off value was set at 8.0\u2009cm. The 10-year disease-specific survival rate was 98.8% in patients with a tumour &lt;8.0\u2009cm and 90.1% in those with a tumour \u22658.0\u2009cm (P\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). The Cox\u2019s proportional hazard model analysis showed that the tumour size and the TNM-based pathological stage were independent factors to determine both recurrence-free survival and disease-specific survival.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tumour size is an important prognostic factor and should be considered when determining the treatment strategy for thymoma patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezz001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,29]],"date-time":"2019-01-29T07:54:10Z","timestamp":1548748450000},"page":"174-181","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Tumour size determines both recurrence-free survival and disease-specific survival after surgical treatment for thymoma"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Meinoshin","family":"Okumura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ichiro","family":"Yoshino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Motoki","family":"Yano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Chest Surgery, Department of Surgery, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shun-ichi","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Tsuboi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuo","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Date","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kohei","family":"Yokoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Nakajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shin-ichi","family":"Toyooka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hisao","family":"Asamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan"},{"name":"Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Etsuo","family":"Miyaoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Science University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019073110402886800_ezz001-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19811201)48:11<2485::AID-CNCR2820481123>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"Follow-up study of thymomas with special reference to their clinical stages","volume":"48","author":"Masaoka","year":"1981","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2019073110402886800_ezz001-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(10)63498-4","article-title":"Tumors of the thymus and thymic region: I. 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